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CF2 · Materi

Soa Exam P Samples Part 2

No. 31

A large pool of adults earning their first driver’s license includes 50% low-risk drivers, 30% moderate-risk drivers, and 20% high-risk drivers. Because these drivers have no prior driving record, an insurance company considers each driver to be randomly selected from the pool.

This month, the insurance company writes four new policies for adults earning their first driver’s license.

Calculate the probability that these four will contain at least two more high-risk drivers than low-risk drivers.

a. 0.006
b. 0.012
c. 0.018
d. 0.049
e. 0.073

Jawaban No. 31

(d). 0,0490{,}049

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.5 Distribusi Diskrit Umum
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite1.3 Metode Enumerasi, 2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit
Connected Topics3.1 Distribusi Gabungan
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 3; Miller Bab 3
Rumus

Distribusi Multinomial untuk (X,Y,Z)(X, Y, Z) dengan parameter (n,pL,pM,pH)(n, p_L, p_M, p_H):

P(X=x,Y=y,Z=z)=n!x!y!z!pLxpMypHz,x+y+z=nP(X=x, Y=y, Z=z) = \frac{n!}{x!\,y!\,z!}\, p_L^x\, p_M^y\, p_H^z, \quad x+y+z=n

Diketahui:

  • n=4n = 4, pL=0,50p_L = 0{,}50, pM=0,30p_M = 0{,}30, pH=0,20p_H = 0{,}20

  • Kondisi: ZX+2Z \geq X + 2 (high-risk setidaknya 2 lebih banyak dari low-risk)

  • Target: P(ZX2)P(Z - X \geq 2)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Enumerate semua kombinasi (x,y,z)(x, y, z) yang memenuhi zx+2z \geq x + 2 dan x+y+z=4x+y+z = 4

(x,y,z)(x, y, z)Syarat
(0,0,4)(0, 0, 4)424 \geq 2
(1,0,3)(1, 0, 3)333 \geq 3
(0,1,3)(0, 1, 3)323 \geq 2
(0,2,2)(0, 2, 2)222 \geq 2

Langkah 2: Hitung probabilitas masing-masing kombinasi

P(0,0,4)=4!0!0!4!(0,50)0(0,30)0(0,20)4=(0,20)4=0,0016P(0,0,4) = \frac{4!}{0!\,0!\,4!}(0{,}50)^0(0{,}30)^0(0{,}20)^4 = (0{,}20)^4 = 0{,}0016 P(1,0,3)=4!1!0!3!(0,50)1(0,30)0(0,20)3=4(0,50)(0,20)3=0,0160P(1,0,3) = \frac{4!}{1!\,0!\,3!}(0{,}50)^1(0{,}30)^0(0{,}20)^3 = 4(0{,}50)(0{,}20)^3 = 0{,}0160 P(0,1,3)=4!0!1!3!(0,50)0(0,30)1(0,20)3=4(0,30)(0,20)3=0,0096P(0,1,3) = \frac{4!}{0!\,1!\,3!}(0{,}50)^0(0{,}30)^1(0{,}20)^3 = 4(0{,}30)(0{,}20)^3 = 0{,}0096 P(0,2,2)=4!0!2!2!(0,50)0(0,30)2(0,20)2=6(0,30)2(0,20)2=0,0216P(0,2,2) = \frac{4!}{0!\,2!\,2!}(0{,}50)^0(0{,}30)^2(0{,}20)^2 = 6(0{,}30)^2(0{,}20)^2 = 0{,}0216

Langkah 3: Jumlahkan semua probabilitas

P=0,0016+0,0160+0,0096+0,0216=0,04880,049P = 0{,}0016 + 0{,}0160 + 0{,}0096 + 0{,}0216 = 0{,}0488 \approx 0{,}049

Hasil Akhir: (d). 0,0490{,}049

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Lupa kombinasi (1,0,3)(1,0,3): ini memenuhi zx=22z - x = 2 \geq 2, jadi harus disertakan.
  • Menggunakan distribusi Binomial biasa alih-alih Multinomial untuk tiga kategori.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “At least two more high-risk than low-risk” → ZX2Z - X \geq 2, bukan Z2Z \geq 2.
Red Flags
  • Jika ada tiga kategori dengan nn pengamatan → gunakan distribusi Multinomial; enumerate semua kombinasi yang valid.

No. 32

The loss due to a fire in a commercial building is modeled by a random variable XX with density function

f(x)={0,005(20x),0<x<200,otherwisef(x) = \begin{cases} 0{,}005(20 - x), & 0 < x < 20 \\ 0, & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}

Given that a fire loss exceeds 8, calculate the probability that it exceeds 16.

a. 1/25
b. 1/9
c. 1/8
d. 1/3
e. 3/7

Jawaban No. 32

(b). 19\dfrac{1}{9}

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite1.4 Probabilitas Bersyarat
Connected Topics2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

Probabilitas bersyarat kontinu:

P(X>16X>8)=P(X>16)P(X>8)P(X > 16 \mid X > 8) = \frac{P(X > 16)}{P(X > 8)}

Ekor distribusi (survival function):

P(X>x)=x200,005(20t)dtP(X > x) = \int_x^{20} 0{,}005(20 - t)\, dt

Diketahui:

  • f(x)=0,005(20x)f(x) = 0{,}005(20 - x) untuk 0<x<200 < x < 20

  • Target: P(X>16X>8)P(X > 16 \mid X > 8)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Temukan formula umum P(X>x)P(X > x)

P(X>x)=x200,005(20t)dt=0,005[20tt22]x20P(X > x) = \int_x^{20} 0{,}005(20-t)\,dt = 0{,}005\left[20t - \frac{t^2}{2}\right]_x^{20} =0,005[(400200)(20xx22)]=0,005(20020x+x22)= 0{,}005\left[\left(400 - 200\right) - \left(20x - \frac{x^2}{2}\right)\right] = 0{,}005\left(200 - 20x + \frac{x^2}{2}\right)

Langkah 2: Hitung P(X>8)P(X > 8)

P(X>8)=0,005(200160+32)=0,005×72=0,36P(X > 8) = 0{,}005\left(200 - 160 + 32\right) = 0{,}005 \times 72 = 0{,}36

Langkah 3: Hitung P(X>16)P(X > 16)

P(X>16)=0,005(200320+128)=0,005×8=0,04P(X > 16) = 0{,}005\left(200 - 320 + 128\right) = 0{,}005 \times 8 = 0{,}04

Langkah 4: Hitung probabilitas bersyarat

P(X>16X>8)=0,040,36=19P(X > 16 \mid X > 8) = \frac{0{,}04}{0{,}36} = \frac{1}{9}

Hasil Akhir: (b). 19\dfrac{1}{9}

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menghitung P(8<X<16)P(8 < X < 16) sebagai pembilang — pembilang yang benar adalah P(X>16)P(X > 16).
  • Salah mengintegrasikan: batas atas selalu 20 (bukan \infty) karena support adalah (0,20)(0, 20).
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “Given that loss exceeds 8” → penyebut adalah P(X>8)P(X > 8), bukan P(X=8)P(X = 8).
Red Flags
  • Jika kondisi adalah X>aX > a dan pertanyaan adalah X>bX > b dengan b>ab > a → rumus bersyarat menjadi P(X>b)/P(X>a)P(X>b)/P(X>a).

No. 33

The lifetime of a machine part has a continuous distribution on the interval (0,40)(0, 40) with probability density function f(x)f(x), where f(x)f(x) is proportional to (10+x)2(10 + x)^{-2} on the interval.

Calculate the probability that the lifetime of the machine part is less than 6.

a. 0.04
b. 0.15
c. 0.47
d. 0.53
e. 0.94

Jawaban No. 33

(c). 0,470{,}47

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite1.2 Aksioma dan Perhitungan Probabilitas
Connected Topics2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

Normalisasi PDF:

040C(10+x)2dx=1    cari konstanta C\int_0^{40} C(10+x)^{-2}\,dx = 1 \implies \text{cari konstanta } C (10+x)2dx=(10+x)1+const\int (10+x)^{-2}\,dx = -(10+x)^{-1} + \text{const}

Diketahui:

  • f(x)=C(10+x)2f(x) = C(10+x)^{-2} untuk 0<x<400 < x < 40

  • Target: P(X<6)P(X < 6)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Tentukan konstanta CC

040C(10+x)2dx=C[(10+x)1]040=C(150+110)=C450=2C25=1\int_0^{40} C(10+x)^{-2}\,dx = C\left[-(10+x)^{-1}\right]_0^{40} = C\left(-\frac{1}{50} + \frac{1}{10}\right) = C \cdot \frac{4}{50} = \frac{2C}{25} = 1 C=252=12,5C = \frac{25}{2} = 12{,}5

Langkah 2: Hitung P(X<6)P(X < 6)

P(X<6)=12,506(10+x)2dx=12,5[(10+x)1]06P(X < 6) = 12{,}5 \int_0^6 (10+x)^{-2}\,dx = 12{,}5\left[-(10+x)^{-1}\right]_0^6 =12,5(116+110)=12,5×6160=12,5×0,0375=0,4690,47= 12{,}5\left(-\frac{1}{16} + \frac{1}{10}\right) = 12{,}5 \times \frac{6}{160} = 12{,}5 \times 0{,}0375 = 0{,}469 \approx 0{,}47

Hasil Akhir: (c). 0,470{,}47

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Lupa menentukan CC terlebih dahulu — tanpa normalisasi, integral menghasilkan angka yang tidak berdimensi probabilitas.
  • Kesalahan tanda: (10+x)2dx=(10+x)1\int (10+x)^{-2}\,dx = -(10+x)^{-1}, bukan +(10+x)1+(10+x)^{-1}.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “Proportional to” → harus dikalikan konstanta CC sebelum digunakan; PDF belum tentu langsung f(x)=(10+x)2f(x) = (10+x)^{-2}.
Red Flags
  • Jika f(x)f(x) dikatakan “proportional to g(x)g(x)” → langkah pertama wajib: normalisasi Cg(x)dx=1\int C\,g(x)\,dx = 1 untuk cari CC.

No. 34

A group insurance policy covers the medical claims of the employees of a small company. The value, VV, of the claims made in one year is described by

V=100.000YV = 100{.}000\,Y

where YY is a random variable with density function

f(y)={k(1y)4,0<y<10,otherwisef(y) = \begin{cases} k(1-y)^4, & 0 < y < 1 \\ 0, & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}

where kk is a constant.

Calculate the conditional probability that VV exceeds 40,000, given that VV exceeds 10,000.

a. 0.08
b. 0.13
c. 0.17
d. 0.20
e. 0.51

Jawaban No. 34

(b). 0,130{,}13

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite1.4 Probabilitas Bersyarat, 2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
Connected Topics2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

Normalisasi dan transformasi:

V>c    Y>c100.000V > c \iff Y > \frac{c}{100{.}000}

Probabilitas bersyarat:

P(V>40.000V>10.000)=P(Y>0,4)P(Y>0,1)P(V > 40{.}000 \mid V > 10{.}000) = \frac{P(Y > 0{,}4)}{P(Y > 0{,}1)}

Diketahui:

  • f(y)=k(1y)4f(y) = k(1-y)^4 untuk 0<y<10 < y < 1; V=100.000YV = 100{.}000\,Y

  • Target: P(V>40.000V>10.000)P(V > 40{.}000 \mid V > 10{.}000)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Temukan kk

k01(1y)4dy=k[(1y)55]01=k15=1    k=5k\int_0^1 (1-y)^4\,dy = k\left[-\frac{(1-y)^5}{5}\right]_0^1 = k \cdot \frac{1}{5} = 1 \implies k = 5

Langkah 2: Hitung P(Y>0,4)P(Y > 0{,}4) (setara V>40.000V > 40{.}000)

P(Y>0,4)=50,41(1y)4dy=5[(1y)55]0,41=(0,6)5=0,07776P(Y > 0{,}4) = 5\int_{0{,}4}^1 (1-y)^4\,dy = 5\left[-\frac{(1-y)^5}{5}\right]_{0{,}4}^1 = (0{,}6)^5 = 0{,}07776

Langkah 3: Hitung P(Y>0,1)P(Y > 0{,}1) (setara V>10.000V > 10{.}000)

P(Y>0,1)=(0,9)5=0,59049P(Y > 0{,}1) = (0{,}9)^5 = 0{,}59049

Langkah 4: Hitung probabilitas bersyarat

P(V>40.000V>10.000)=0,077760,590490,13170,13P(V > 40{.}000 \mid V > 10{.}000) = \frac{0{,}07776}{0{,}59049} \approx 0{,}1317 \approx 0{,}13

Hasil Akhir: (b). 0,130{,}13

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengkonversi VV ke YY dengan salah: V>40.000    Y>0,4V > 40{.}000 \iff Y > 0{,}4, bukan Y>40.000Y > 40{.}000.
  • Lupa bahwa P(Y>y0)=[(1y0)]5P(Y > y_0) = [(1-y_0)]^5 berlaku setelah normalisasi dengan k=5k = 5.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Nilai V=100.000YV = 100{.}000\,Y berarti YY adalah fraksi dari 100.000 (satu ratus ribu), bukan YY dalam satuan ribuan.
Red Flags
  • Jika ada transformasi linear V=aYV = aY → konversi batas probabilitas ke skala YY sebelum menghitung.

No. 35

The lifetime of a printer costing 200 is exponentially distributed with mean 2 years. The manufacturer agrees to pay a full refund to a buyer if the printer fails during the first year following its purchase, a one-half refund if it fails during the second year, and no refund for failure after the second year.

Calculate the expected total amount of refunds from the sale of 100 printers.

a. 6,321
b. 7,358
c. 7,869
d. 10,256
e. 12,642

Jawaban No. 35

(d). 10.25610{.}256

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu, 2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit
Connected Topics2.3 Fungsi Pembangkit
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 3; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

CDF Eksponensial dengan mean θ=2\theta = 2:

F(t)=1et/2F(t) = 1 - e^{-t/2}

Nilai harapan refund per printer:

E[Refund]=200P(T1)+100P(1<T2)E[\text{Refund}] = 200 \cdot P(T \leq 1) + 100 \cdot P(1 < T \leq 2)

Diketahui:

  • TExp(θ=2)T \sim \text{Exp}(\theta = 2); harga printer = 200

  • Refund penuh = 200 (jika T1T \leq 1), setengah = 100 (jika 1<T21 < T \leq 2)

  • Target: total refund dari 100 printer

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung P(T1)P(T \leq 1) dan P(1<T2)P(1 < T \leq 2)

P(T1)=1e1/210,6065=0,3935P(T \leq 1) = 1 - e^{-1/2} \approx 1 - 0{,}6065 = 0{,}3935 P(T2)=1e110,3679=0,6321P(T \leq 2) = 1 - e^{-1} \approx 1 - 0{,}3679 = 0{,}6321 P(1<T2)=0,63210,3935=0,2386P(1 < T \leq 2) = 0{,}6321 - 0{,}3935 = 0{,}2386

Langkah 2: Hitung expected refund per printer

E[Refund]=200(0,3935)+100(0,2386)=78,70+23,86=102,56E[\text{Refund}] = 200(0{,}3935) + 100(0{,}2386) = 78{,}70 + 23{,}86 = 102{,}56

Langkah 3: Total untuk 100 printer

Total=100×102,56=10.256\text{Total} = 100 \times 102{,}56 = 10{.}256

Hasil Akhir: (d). 10.25610{.}256

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan λ=2\lambda = 2 (rate) bukan θ=2\theta = 2 (mean) → CDF yang benar adalah F(t)=1et/2F(t) = 1 - e^{-t/2}, bukan e2te^{-2t}.
  • Menghitung P(1<T2)=P(T2)P(T1)P(1 < T \leq 2) = P(T \leq 2) - P(T \leq 1), bukan hanya P(T2)P(T \leq 2).
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “One-half refund” = 100 (setengah dari 200), bukan 50% dari nilai TT.
Red Flags
  • Jika soal menyebut “mean” distribusi eksponensial → θ=\theta = mean; λ=1/θ\lambda = 1/\theta.

No. 36

An insurance company insures a large number of homes. The insured value, XX, of a randomly selected home is assumed to follow a distribution with density function

f(x)={3x4,x>10,otherwisef(x) = \begin{cases} 3x^{-4}, & x > 1 \\ 0, & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}

Given that a randomly selected home is insured for at least 1.5, calculate the probability that it is insured for less than 2.

a. 0.578
b. 0.684
c. 0.704
d. 0.829
e. 0.875

Jawaban No. 36

(a). 0,5780{,}578

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
DifficultyEasy
Prerequisite1.4 Probabilitas Bersyarat
Connected Topics2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

CDF distribusi Pareto:

F(x)=1x3,x>1F(x) = 1 - x^{-3}, \quad x > 1

Probabilitas bersyarat:

P(X<2X1,5)=P(1,5X<2)P(X1,5)=F(2)F(1,5)1F(1,5)P(X < 2 \mid X \geq 1{,}5) = \frac{P(1{,}5 \leq X < 2)}{P(X \geq 1{,}5)} = \frac{F(2) - F(1{,}5)}{1 - F(1{,}5)}

Diketahui:

  • f(x)=3x4f(x) = 3x^{-4} untuk x>1x > 1; F(x)=1x3F(x) = 1 - x^{-3}

  • Target: P(X<2X1,5)P(X < 2 \mid X \geq 1{,}5)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung nilai CDF di titik kunci

F(2)=123=118F(2) = 1 - 2^{-3} = 1 - \frac{1}{8} F(1,5)=1(1,5)3=1827F(1{,}5) = 1 - (1{,}5)^{-3} = 1 - \frac{8}{27}

Langkah 2: Hitung pembilang dan penyebut

P(1,5X<2)=F(2)F(1,5)=18+827=27+64216=37216P(1{,}5 \leq X < 2) = F(2) - F(1{,}5) = -\frac{1}{8} + \frac{8}{27} = \frac{-27 + 64}{216} = \frac{37}{216} P(X1,5)=1F(1,5)=827P(X \geq 1{,}5) = 1 - F(1{,}5) = \frac{8}{27}

Langkah 3: Hitung probabilitas bersyarat

P(X<2X1,5)=37/2168/27=37216×278=37640,578P(X < 2 \mid X \geq 1{,}5) = \frac{37/216}{8/27} = \frac{37}{216} \times \frac{27}{8} = \frac{37}{64} \approx 0{,}578

Hasil Akhir: (a). 0,5780{,}578

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan pembilang P(X<2)P(X < 2) alih-alih P(1,5X<2)P(1{,}5 \leq X < 2) — karena ada kondisi X1,5X \geq 1{,}5, pembilang adalah irisan kedua event.
  • Salah menghitung CDF: F(x)=1x3t4dt=1x3F(x) = \int_1^x 3t^{-4}\,dt = 1 - x^{-3}, bukan x3x^{-3}.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “At least 1.5” → kondisi X1,5X \geq 1{,}5; “less than 2” → event X<2X < 2. Perlu penyesuaian batas bawah pada pembilang.
Red Flags
  • Jika diminta P(X<bXa)P(X < b \mid X \geq a) dengan a<ba < b → pembilang adalah P(aX<b)P(a \leq X < b), bukan P(X<b)P(X < b).

No. 37

A company prices its hurricane insurance using the following assumptions:

(i) In any calendar year, there can be at most one hurricane.
(ii) In any calendar year, the probability of a hurricane is 0.05.
(iii) The numbers of hurricanes in different calendar years are mutually independent.

Using the company’s assumptions, calculate the probability that there are fewer than 3 hurricanes in a 20-year period.

a. 0.06
b. 0.19
c. 0.38
d. 0.62
e. 0.92

Jawaban No. 37

(e). 0,920{,}92

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.5 Distribusi Diskrit Umum
DifficultyEasy
Prerequisite1.5 Kejadian Independen, 2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit
Connected Topics2.3 Fungsi Pembangkit
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 3; Miller Bab 3
Rumus

Distribusi Binomial XB(n,p)X \sim B(n, p):

P(X=k)=(nk)pk(1p)nkP(X = k) = \binom{n}{k} p^k (1-p)^{n-k}

Diketahui:

  • XB(20,0,05)X \sim B(20,\, 0{,}05); tiap tahun paling banyak satu badai

  • Target: P(X<3)=P(X2)P(X < 3) = P(X \leq 2)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung P(X=0)P(X = 0)

P(X=0)=(0,95)200,3585P(X = 0) = (0{,}95)^{20} \approx 0{,}3585

Langkah 2: Hitung P(X=1)P(X = 1)

P(X=1)=20(0,05)(0,95)1920(0,05)(0,3774)=0,3774P(X = 1) = 20(0{,}05)(0{,}95)^{19} \approx 20(0{,}05)(0{,}3774) = 0{,}3774

Langkah 3: Hitung P(X=2)P(X = 2)

P(X=2)=(202)(0,05)2(0,95)18=190(0,0025)(0,3972)0,1887P(X = 2) = \binom{20}{2}(0{,}05)^2(0{,}95)^{18} = 190(0{,}0025)(0{,}3972) \approx 0{,}1887

Langkah 4: Jumlahkan

P(X<3)=0,3585+0,3774+0,18870,92450,92P(X < 3) = 0{,}3585 + 0{,}3774 + 0{,}1887 \approx 0{,}9245 \approx 0{,}92

Hasil Akhir: (e). 0,920{,}92

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan distribusi Poisson dengan λ=20×0,05=1\lambda = 20 \times 0{,}05 = 1 — meskipun memberikan aproksimasi yang baik, soal meminta distribusi Binomial yang eksak.
  • “Fewer than 3” → P(X2)P(X \leq 2), bukan P(X3)P(X \leq 3).
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Asumsi “at most one per year” mengkonfirmasi model Binomial (bukan Poisson), karena tidak ada lebih dari satu kejadian per periode.
Red Flags
  • “Fewer than kk” → P(Xk1)P(X \leq k-1). Jangan salah memasukkan kk sebagai batas.

No. 38

An insurance policy pays for a random loss XX subject to a deductible of CC, where 0<C<10 < C < 1. The loss amount is modeled as a continuous random variable with density function

f(x)={2x,0<x<10,otherwisef(x) = \begin{cases} 2x, & 0 < x < 1 \\ 0, & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}

Given a random loss XX, the probability that the insurance payment is less than 0.5 is equal to 0.64.

Calculate CC.

a. 0.1
b. 0.3
c. 0.4
d. 0.6
e. 0.8

Jawaban No. 38

(b). 0,30{,}3

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite1.4 Probabilitas Bersyarat, 2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
Connected Topics2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

Pembayaran asuransi dengan deductible CC:

Y={0,XCXC,C<X<1Y = \begin{cases} 0, & X \leq C \\ X - C, & C < X < 1 \end{cases}

Sehingga Y<0,5    X<C+0,5Y < 0{,}5 \iff X < C + 0{,}5.

Diketahui:

  • f(x)=2xf(x) = 2x untuk 0<x<10 < x < 1; 0<C<10 < C < 1

  • P(Y<0,5)=0,64P(Y < 0{,}5) = 0{,}64
  • Target: nilai CC

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Tentukan kapan Y<0,5Y < 0{,}5

Y=0<0,5Y = 0 < 0{,}5 jika XCX \leq C.

Y=XC<0,5Y = X - C < 0{,}5 jika C<X<C+0,5C < X < C + 0{,}5.

Jadi Y<0,5    X<C+0,5Y < 0{,}5 \iff X < C + 0{,}5 (selama C+0,51C + 0{,}5 \leq 1, yaitu C0,5C \leq 0{,}5).

Langkah 2: Hitung P(X<C+0,5)P(X < C + 0{,}5) menggunakan CDF

P(X<C+0,5)=0C+0,52xdx=(C+0,5)2P(X < C + 0{,}5) = \int_0^{C+0{,}5} 2x\,dx = (C + 0{,}5)^2

Langkah 3: Selesaikan persamaan

(C+0,5)2=0,64    C+0,5=0,8    C=0,3(C + 0{,}5)^2 = 0{,}64 \implies C + 0{,}5 = 0{,}8 \implies C = 0{,}3

(Nilai negatif C=1,3C = -1{,}3 ditolak karena 0<C<10 < C < 1)

Hasil Akhir: (b). 0,30{,}3

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira P(Y<0,5)=P(X<0,5)P(Y < 0{,}5) = P(X < 0{,}5) — harus memperhitungkan bahwa Y=XCY = X - C, bukan Y=XY = X.
  • Salah menentukan batas integral: jika C+0,5>1C + 0{,}5 > 1, batas atas menjadi 1, bukan C+0,5C + 0{,}5.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “Payment less than 0.5” mencakup dua kasus: (1) tidak ada pembayaran (XCX \leq C) dan (2) ada pembayaran kecil (C<X<C+0,5C < X < C + 0{,}5).
Red Flags
  • Jika ada deductible → definisikan ulang variabel pembayaran Y=max(0,XC)Y = \max(0, X - C) sebelum menghitung probabilitas.

No. 39

A study is being conducted in which the health of two independent groups of ten policyholders is being monitored over a one-year period of time. Individual participants in the study drop out before the end of the study with probability 0.2 (independently of the other participants).

Calculate the probability that at least nine participants complete the study in one of the two groups, but not in both groups.

a. 0.096
b. 0.192
c. 0.235
d. 0.376
e. 0.469

Jawaban No. 39

(e). 0,4690{,}469

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.5 Distribusi Diskrit Umum
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite1.5 Kejadian Independen, 2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit
Connected Topics3.1 Distribusi Gabungan
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 3; Miller Bab 3
Rumus

Distribusi Binomial XB(10,0,8)X \sim B(10,\, 0{,}8) (probabilitas menyelesaikan = 10,2=0,81 - 0{,}2 = 0{,}8):

P(X9)=P(X=9)+P(X=10)P(X \geq 9) = P(X = 9) + P(X = 10)

Probabilitas XOR (tepat satu dari dua):

P(A tapi bukan B)+P(B tapi bukan A)=2p(1p)P(A \text{ tapi bukan } B) + P(B \text{ tapi bukan } A) = 2\,p\,(1-p)

Diketahui:

  • X1,X2B(10,0,8)X_1, X_2 \sim B(10,\, 0{,}8), independen; p=P(X9)p = P(X \geq 9)

  • Target: P(X19 XOR X29)P(X_1 \geq 9 \text{ XOR } X_2 \geq 9)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung p=P(X9)p = P(X \geq 9) untuk satu grup

P(X=9)=(109)(0,8)9(0,2)1=10(0,8)9(0,2)0,2684P(X = 9) = \binom{10}{9}(0{,}8)^9(0{,}2)^1 = 10(0{,}8)^9(0{,}2) \approx 0{,}2684 P(X=10)=(0,8)100,1074P(X = 10) = (0{,}8)^{10} \approx 0{,}1074 p=0,2684+0,1074=0,37580,376p = 0{,}2684 + 0{,}1074 = 0{,}3758 \approx 0{,}376

Langkah 2: Hitung P(tepat satu grup9)P(\text{tepat satu grup} \geq 9)

P(XOR)=p(1p)+(1p)p=2p(1p)=2(0,376)(0,624)0,469P(\text{XOR}) = p(1-p) + (1-p)p = 2p(1-p) = 2(0{,}376)(0{,}624) \approx 0{,}469

Hasil Akhir: (e). 0,4690{,}469

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan p=0,9p = 0{,}9 (probabilitas satu peserta selesai) sebagai P(X9)P(X \geq 9) langsung.
  • Menghitung P(keduanya9)=p2P(\text{keduanya} \geq 9) = p^2 sebagai jawaban — ini bukan yang ditanya.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “In one of the two groups, but not in both” → exclusive or (XOR): P=2p(1p)P = 2p(1-p), bukan p2p^2 atau 2p2p.
Red Flags
  • Frasa “in one… but not in both” → selalu berarti XOR: kalikan pp dengan (1p)(1-p) dua kali (untuk kedua urutan).

No. 40

For Company A there is a 60% chance that no claim is made during the coming year. If one or more claims are made, the total claim amount is normally distributed with mean 10,000 and standard deviation 2,000.

For Company B there is a 70% chance that no claim is made during the coming year. If one or more claims are made, the total claim amount is normally distributed with mean 9,000 and standard deviation 2,000.

The total claim amounts of the two companies are independent.

Calculate the probability that, in the coming year, Company B’s total claim amount will exceed Company A’s total claim amount.

a. 0.180
b. 0.185
c. 0.217
d. 0.223
e. 0.240

Jawaban No. 40

(d). 0,2230{,}223

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite1.6 Teorema Bayes dan Hukum Probabilitas Total, 1.5 Kejadian Independen
Connected Topics3.5 Independensi dan Korelasi
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 4; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

Hukum Probabilitas Total atas empat skenario (A ada/tidak klaim, B ada/tidak klaim):

P(B>A)=P(B>AA0,B+)P(A0)P(B+)+P(B>AA+,B+)P(A+)P(B+)P(B > A) = P(B > A \mid A_0, B_+)P(A_0)P(B_+) + P(B > A \mid A_+, B_+)P(A_+)P(B_+)

Di mana A0A_0 = A tidak ada klaim, B+B_+ = B ada klaim, A+A_+ = A ada klaim.

Diketahui:

  • P(A klaim=0)=0,60P(\text{A klaim} = 0) = 0{,}60, klaim A jika ada: N(10.000,2.0002)N(10{.}000,\, 2{.}000^2)

  • P(B klaim=0)=0,70P(\text{B klaim} = 0) = 0{,}70, klaim B jika ada: N(9.000,2.0002)N(9{.}000,\, 2{.}000^2)

  • Target: P(B>A)P(B > A)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Identifikasi skenario di mana B>AB > A

  • Jika B ada klaim dan A tidak ada klaim: B>0=AB > 0 = A selalu → P=1P = 1
  • Jika keduanya ada klaim: hitung P(B>A)P(B > A) dari distribusi normal
  • Jika B tidak ada klaim (B=0B = 0): B>AB > A hanya jika A<0A < 0 — mustahil → P=0P = 0

Langkah 2: Skenario 1 — B ada klaim, A tidak ada

P(B ada, A tidak)=0,30×0,60=0,18P(\text{B ada, A tidak}) = 0{,}30 \times 0{,}60 = 0{,}18

Kontribusi: 0,18×1=0,180{,}18 \times 1 = 0{,}18

Langkah 3: Skenario 2 — keduanya ada klaim

P(keduanya ada)=0,30×0,40=0,12P(\text{keduanya ada}) = 0{,}30 \times 0{,}40 = 0{,}12

Distribusi BAN(9.00010.000,2.0002+2.0002)=N(1.000,8.000.000)B - A \sim N(9{.}000 - 10{.}000,\, 2{.}000^2 + 2{.}000^2) = N(-1{.}000,\, 8{.}000{.}000)

σBA=8.000.0002.828\sigma_{B-A} = \sqrt{8{.}000{.}000} \approx 2{.}828 P(B>A)=P ⁣(Z>0(1.000)2.828)=P(Z>0,354)10,638=0,362P(B > A) = P\!\left(Z > \frac{0 - (-1{.}000)}{2{.}828}\right) = P(Z > 0{,}354) \approx 1 - 0{,}638 = 0{,}362

Kontribusi: 0,12×0,362=0,04340{,}12 \times 0{,}362 = 0{,}0434

Langkah 4: Total

P(B>A)=0,18+0,0434=0,223P(B > A) = 0{,}18 + 0{,}0434 = 0{,}223

Hasil Akhir: (d). 0,2230{,}223

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Lupa skenario di mana satu perusahaan klaim dan yang lain tidak — ini yang menyumbang 0,180{,}18.
  • Salah menghitung Var(BA)=σB2+σA2\text{Var}(B - A) = \sigma_B^2 + \sigma_A^2, bukan (σBσA)2(\sigma_B - \sigma_A)^2.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Tidak ada klaim berarti total klaim = 0, bukan nilai yang tidak terdefinisi.
Red Flags
  • Jika ada “campuran” antara probabilitas nol-klaim dan distribusi normal → partisi atas semua kombinasi skenario.

No. 41

A company takes out an insurance policy to cover accidents that occur at its manufacturing plant. The probability that one or more accidents will occur during any given month is 0.60. The numbers of accidents that occur in different months are mutually independent.

Calculate the probability that there will be at least four months in which no accidents occur before the fourth month in which at least one accident occurs.

a. 0.01
b. 0.12
c. 0.23
d. 0.29
e. 0.41

Jawaban No. 41

(d). 0,290{,}29

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.5 Distribusi Diskrit Umum
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite1.5 Kejadian Independen, 2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit
Connected Topics2.3 Fungsi Pembangkit
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 3; Miller Bab 3
Rumus

Distribusi Binomial Negatif: Peluang memiliki k\geq k kegagalan (bulan tanpa kecelakaan) sebelum sukses ke-rr (bulan dengan kecelakaan):

P(Kk)=j=k(r+j1j)pr(1p)jP(K \geq k) = \sum_{j=k}^{\infty} \binom{r+j-1}{j} p^r (1-p)^j

Ekuivalen: dalam 7 bulan pertama, terdapat 4\geq 4 bulan tanpa kecelakaan (3\leq 3 bulan dengan kecelakaan) sebelum kejadian sukses ke-4.

Diketahui:

  • p=P(ada kecelakaan)=0,60p = P(\text{ada kecelakaan}) = 0{,}60; 1p=0,401 - p = 0{,}40

  • Target: P(4 bulan tanpa kecelakaan sebelum bulan ke-4 dengan kecelakaan)P(\geq 4 \text{ bulan tanpa kecelakaan sebelum bulan ke-4 dengan kecelakaan})

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Reformulasikan masalah

“Setidaknya 4 bulan tanpa kecelakaan sebelum bulan ke-4 dengan kecelakaan” berarti: dalam 7 bulan pertama, ada paling banyak 3 bulan dengan kecelakaan.

Ini ekuivalen dengan: dalam 7 percobaan Binomial dengan p=0,60p = 0{,}60, jumlah sukses 3\leq 3.

Langkah 2: Hitung P(X3)P(X \leq 3) untuk XB(7,0,60)X \sim B(7,\, 0{,}60)

P(X=4)=(74)(0,4)4(0,6)3=35(0,0256)(0,216)=0,1935P(X=4) = \binom{7}{4}(0{,}4)^4(0{,}6)^3 = 35(0{,}0256)(0{,}216) = 0{,}1935 P(X=5)=(75)(0,4)5(0,6)2=21(0,01024)(0,36)=0,0774P(X=5) = \binom{7}{5}(0{,}4)^5(0{,}6)^2 = 21(0{,}01024)(0{,}36) = 0{,}0774 P(X=6)=(76)(0,4)6(0,6)1=7(0,004096)(0,6)=0,0172P(X=6) = \binom{7}{6}(0{,}4)^6(0{,}6)^1 = 7(0{,}004096)(0{,}6) = 0{,}0172 P(X=7)=(0,4)7=0,0016P(X=7) = (0{,}4)^7 = 0{,}0016

Langkah 3: Hitung dengan Binomial Negatif

P=P(X=4)+P(X=5)+P(X=6)+P(X=7)=0,1935+0,0774+0,0172+0,0016=0,28970,29P = P(X=4)+P(X=5)+P(X=6)+P(X=7) = 0{,}1935+0{,}0774+0{,}0172+0{,}0016 = 0{,}2897 \approx 0{,}29

Hasil Akhir: (d). 0,290{,}29

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira “4 bulan tanpa kecelakaan sebelum bulan ke-4 dengan kecelakaan” → total minimal 8 bulan; padahal tepat tujuh bulan yang relevan untuk batas bawah.
  • Bingung antara “sukses” dan “gagal” dalam Binomial Negatif — tentukan definisi secara eksplisit.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “Before the fourth month in which at least one accident occurs” → dalam 7 bulan pertama (4 kecelakaan + 3 tidak atau lebih), tepat 3 atau kurang bulan berkecelakaan.
Red Flags
  • Soal melibatkan urutan sukses/gagal sebelum kejadian tertentu → pertimbangkan distribusi Binomial Negatif atau equivalensinya dengan Binomial.

No. 42

An insurance policy pays 100 per day for up to three days of hospitalization and 50 per day for each day of hospitalization thereafter.

The number of days of hospitalization, XX, is a discrete random variable with probability function

P[X=k]={6k15,k=1,2,3,4,50,otherwiseP[X = k] = \begin{cases} \dfrac{6-k}{15}, & k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 \\ 0, & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}

Determine the expected payment for hospitalization under this policy.

a. 123
b. 210
c. 220
d. 270
e. 367

Jawaban No. 42

(c). 220220

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit
DifficultyEasy
Prerequisite1.2 Aksioma dan Perhitungan Probabilitas
Connected Topics2.3 Fungsi Pembangkit
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 3
Rumus

Nilai harapan fungsi dari variabel acak diskrit:

E[g(X)]=kg(k)P(X=k)E[g(X)] = \sum_k g(k) \cdot P(X = k)

Diketahui:

  • P(X=k)=(6k)/15P(X=k) = (6-k)/15 untuk k=1,2,3,4,5k = 1,2,3,4,5

  • Pembayaran: g(k)=100kg(k) = 100k untuk k3k \leq 3; g(k)=300+50(k3)g(k) = 300 + 50(k-3) untuk k>3k > 3

  • Target: E[Pembayaran]E[\text{Pembayaran}]

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung pembayaran dan probabilitas tiap nilai kk

kkP(X=k)P(X=k)Pembayaran
15/15100
24/15200
33/15300
42/15350
51/15400

Langkah 2: Hitung E[Pembayaran]E[\text{Pembayaran}]

E=100(5)+200(4)+300(3)+350(2)+400(1)15E = \frac{100(5) + 200(4) + 300(3) + 350(2) + 400(1)}{15} =500+800+900+700+40015=3.30015=220= \frac{500 + 800 + 900 + 700 + 400}{15} = \frac{3{.}300}{15} = 220

Hasil Akhir: (c). 220220

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menghitung E[X]E[X] terlebih dahulu (nilai harapan hari) lalu mengalikan dengan tarif — ini salah karena tarif per hari berbeda tergantung rentang.
  • Salah menghitung pembayaran hari ke-4: 300+50(1)=350300 + 50(1) = 350, bukan 400400.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “Up to three days” → 3 hari pertama dibayar 100/hari; hari ke-4 dan seterusnya dibayar 50/hari.
Red Flags
  • Jika tarif berbeda per rentang → hitung pembayaran total untuk setiap nilai kk secara eksplisit, lalu kalikan dengan probabilitasnya.

No. 43

Let XX be a continuous random variable with density function

f(x)={x10,2x40,otherwisef(x) = \begin{cases} \dfrac{|x|}{10}, & -2 \leq x \leq 4 \\ 0, & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}

Calculate the expected value of XX.

a. 1/5
b. 3/5
c. 1
d. 28/15
e. 12/5

Jawaban No. 43

(d). 2815\dfrac{28}{15}

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
Connected Topics2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

Nilai harapan variabel acak kontinu:

E[X]=xf(x)dxE[X] = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} x\,f(x)\,dx

Nilai mutlak: x=x|x| = -x untuk x<0x < 0 dan x=x|x| = x untuk x0x \geq 0.

Diketahui:

  • f(x)=x/10f(x) = |x|/10 untuk 2x4-2 \leq x \leq 4

  • Target: E[X]E[X]

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Pisahkan integral di titik x=0x = 0

E[X]=20xx10dx+04xx10dxE[X] = \int_{-2}^{0} x \cdot \frac{-x}{10}\,dx + \int_0^4 x \cdot \frac{x}{10}\,dx =20x210dx+04x210dx= \int_{-2}^{0} \frac{-x^2}{10}\,dx + \int_0^4 \frac{x^2}{10}\,dx

Langkah 2: Hitung masing-masing integral

20x210dx=110[x33]20=110(083)=830=415\int_{-2}^{0} \frac{-x^2}{10}\,dx = \frac{-1}{10}\left[\frac{x^3}{3}\right]_{-2}^{0} = \frac{-1}{10}\left(0 - \frac{-8}{3}\right) = \frac{-8}{30} = \frac{-4}{15} 04x210dx=110[x33]04=110643=6430=3215\int_0^4 \frac{x^2}{10}\,dx = \frac{1}{10}\left[\frac{x^3}{3}\right]_0^4 = \frac{1}{10} \cdot \frac{64}{3} = \frac{64}{30} = \frac{32}{15}

Langkah 3: Jumlahkan

E[X]=415+3215=2815E[X] = -\frac{4}{15} + \frac{32}{15} = \frac{28}{15}

Hasil Akhir: (d). 2815\dfrac{28}{15}

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Tidak memisahkan integral di x=0x = 0 untuk menangani nilai mutlak — mengintegrasikan x2/10x^2/10 dari 2-2 ke 44 langsung memberikan hasil yang salah.
  • Membuat kesalahan tanda saat x<0x < 0: x=x|x| = -x (positif), sehingga xx/10=x2/10x \cdot |x|/10 = -x^2/10 (negatif).
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Jangan lupa verifikasi bahwa f(x)dx=1\int f(x)\,dx = 1 (normalisasi) sebelum menghitung E[X]E[X].
Red Flags
  • Jika PDF melibatkan x|x| → pisahkan integral di titik x=0x = 0 dan tangani tanda secara terpisah.

No. 44

A device that continuously measures and records seismic activity is placed in a remote region. The time, TT, to failure of this device is exponentially distributed with mean 3 years. Since the device will not be monitored during its first two years of service, the time to discovery of its failure is X=max(T,2)X = \max(T, 2).

Calculate E(X)E(X).

a. 16e2+2\dfrac{1}{6}e^{-2} + 2
b. 23e4/352e2/3+2\dfrac{2}{3}e^{-4/3} - \dfrac{5}{2}e^{-2/3} + 2
c. 33
d. 2+3e2/32 + 3e^{-2/3}
e. 55

Jawaban No. 44

(d). 2+3e2/32 + 3e^{-2/3}

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
Connected Topics2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 3; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

Sifat memoryless eksponensial:

Jika TExp(θ=3)T \sim \text{Exp}(\theta = 3) dan T>2T > 2, maka T2T>2Exp(θ=3)T - 2 \mid T > 2 \sim \text{Exp}(\theta = 3).

E[X]=E[max(T,2)]=2P(T2)+E[TT>2]P(T>2)E[X] = E[\max(T,2)] = 2 \cdot P(T \leq 2) + E[T \mid T > 2] \cdot P(T > 2)

Karena E[TT>2]=2+3E[T \mid T > 2] = 2 + 3 (sifat memoryless):

E[X]=2(1e2/3)+5e2/3=2+3e2/3E[X] = 2\,(1 - e^{-2/3}) + 5\,e^{-2/3} = 2 + 3e^{-2/3}

Diketahui:

  • TExp(θ=3)T \sim \text{Exp}(\theta = 3); X=max(T,2)X = \max(T, 2)

  • Target: E[X]E[X]

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Gunakan hukum nilai harapan total

E[X]=E[max(T,2)]=2P(T2)T gagal sebelum 2 tahun, X = 2+E[TT>2]P(T>2)T gagal setelah 2 tahun, X = TE[X] = E[\max(T,2)] = \underbrace{2 \cdot P(T \leq 2)}_{\text{T gagal sebelum 2 tahun, X = 2}} + \underbrace{E[T \mid T > 2] \cdot P(T > 2)}_{\text{T gagal setelah 2 tahun, X = T}}

Langkah 2: Hitung P(T2)P(T \leq 2) dan P(T>2)P(T > 2)

P(T2)=1e2/3,P(T>2)=e2/3P(T \leq 2) = 1 - e^{-2/3}, \quad P(T > 2) = e^{-2/3}

Langkah 3: Terapkan sifat memoryless

E[TT>2]=2+E[T]=2+3=5E[T \mid T > 2] = 2 + E[T] = 2 + 3 = 5

Langkah 4: Hitung E[X]E[X]

E[X]=2(1e2/3)+5e2/3=22e2/3+5e2/3=2+3e2/3E[X] = 2(1 - e^{-2/3}) + 5\,e^{-2/3} = 2 - 2e^{-2/3} + 5e^{-2/3} = 2 + 3e^{-2/3}

Hasil Akhir: (d). 2+3e2/32 + 3e^{-2/3}

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira E[X]=E[T]=3E[X] = E[T] = 3 — ini hanya benar jika X=TX = T, bukan X=max(T,2)X = \max(T, 2).
  • Salah menghitung λ\lambda: mean =3= 3 berarti rate λ=1/3\lambda = 1/3, sehingga P(T>2)=e2/3P(T > 2) = e^{-2/3}, bukan e6e^{-6}.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • X=max(T,2)X = \max(T, 2): jika T2T \leq 2, maka X=2X = 2; jika T>2T > 2, maka X=TX = T.
Red Flags
  • Jika ada max\max atau min\min yang melibatkan distribusi eksponensial → manfaatkan sifat memoryless untuk menyederhanakan E[TT>c]=c+θE[T \mid T > c] = c + \theta.

No. 45

A piece of equipment is being insured against early failure. The time from purchase until failure of the equipment is exponentially distributed with mean 10 years. The insurance will pay an amount xx if the equipment fails during the first year, and it will pay 0,5x0{,}5x if failure occurs during the second or third year. If failure occurs after the first three years, no payment will be made.

Calculate xx such that the expected payment made under this insurance is 1000.

a. 3,858
b. 4,449
c. 5,382
d. 5,644
e. 7,235

Jawaban No. 45

(d). 5.6445{.}644

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
Connected Topics2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 3; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

Nilai harapan pembayaran (Hukum Total):

E[Pay]=xP(T1)+0,5xP(1<T3)E[\text{Pay}] = x \cdot P(T \leq 1) + 0{,}5x \cdot P(1 < T \leq 3)

CDF Eksponensial dengan θ=10\theta = 10:

P(Tt)=1et/10P(T \leq t) = 1 - e^{-t/10}

Diketahui:

  • TExp(θ=10)T \sim \text{Exp}(\theta = 10); pembayaran xx (tahun 1), 0,5x0{,}5x (tahun 2–3)

  • E[Pay]=1.000E[\text{Pay}] = 1{.}000
  • Target: xx

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung probabilitas masing-masing rentang

P(T1)=1e0,1P(T \leq 1) = 1 - e^{-0{,}1} P(1<T3)=e0,1e0,3P(1 < T \leq 3) = e^{-0{,}1} - e^{-0{,}3}

Langkah 2: Tulis persamaan nilai harapan

1.000=x(1e0,1)+0,5x(e0,1e0,3)1{.}000 = x(1 - e^{-0{,}1}) + 0{,}5x(e^{-0{,}1} - e^{-0{,}3}) 1.000=x[(1e0,1)+0,5(e0,1e0,3)]1{.}000 = x\left[(1 - e^{-0{,}1}) + 0{,}5(e^{-0{,}1} - e^{-0{,}3})\right]

Langkah 3: Hitung faktor numerik

e0,10,9048,e0,30,7408e^{-0{,}1} \approx 0{,}9048, \quad e^{-0{,}3} \approx 0{,}7408 (10,9048)+0,5(0,90480,7408)=0,0952+0,5(0,1640)=0,0952+0,0820=0,1772(1 - 0{,}9048) + 0{,}5(0{,}9048 - 0{,}7408) = 0{,}0952 + 0{,}5(0{,}1640) = 0{,}0952 + 0{,}0820 = 0{,}1772

Langkah 4: Selesaikan untuk xx

x=1.0000,17725.644x = \frac{1{.}000}{0{,}1772} \approx 5{.}644

Hasil Akhir: (d). 5.6445{.}644

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Salah menghitung P(1<T3)=P(T3)P(T1)P(1 < T \leq 3) = P(T \leq 3) - P(T \leq 1), bukan P(T2)P(T \leq 2).
  • Menggunakan λ=10\lambda = 10 (rate) alih-alih θ=10\theta = 10 (mean) → harusnya λ=0,10\lambda = 0{,}10.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “Second or third year” → 1<T31 < T \leq 3, bukan T=2T = 2 atau T=3T = 3.
Red Flags
  • Selalu cek: apakah yang diberikan adalah mean (θ\theta) atau rate (λ\lambda)? Gunakan et/θe^{-t/\theta} jika diberi mean.

No. 46

An insurance policy on an electrical device pays a benefit of 4000 if the device fails during the first year. The amount of the benefit decreases by 1000 each successive year until it reaches 0. If the device has not failed by the beginning of any given year, the probability of failure during that year is 0.4.

Calculate the expected benefit under this policy.

a. 2,234
b. 2,400
c. 2,500
d. 2,667
e. 2,694

Jawaban No. 46

(e). 2.6942{.}694

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit
Connected Topics2.5 Distribusi Diskrit Umum
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 3
Rumus

Probabilitas gagal pada tahun ke-kk (dengan hazard rate konstan q=0,4q = 0{,}4):

P(gagal tahun ke-k)=(1q)k1q=(0,6)k1(0,4)P(\text{gagal tahun ke-}k) = (1-q)^{k-1} \cdot q = (0{,}6)^{k-1}(0{,}4)

Diketahui:

  • q=0,4q = 0{,}4; benefit tahun ke-kk: Bk=5.0001.000kB_k = 5{.}000 - 1{.}000k untuk k=1,2,3,4k = 1, 2, 3, 4; Bk=0B_k = 0 untuk k5k \geq 5

  • Target: E[Benefit]E[\text{Benefit}]

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung P(gagal tahun ke-k)P(\text{gagal tahun ke-}k) dan benefit tiap tahun

Tahun kkP(gagal)P(\text{gagal})Benefit
1(0,6)0(0,4)=0,4(0{,}6)^0(0{,}4) = 0{,}44000
2(0,6)1(0,4)=0,24(0{,}6)^1(0{,}4) = 0{,}243000
3(0,6)2(0,4)=0,144(0{,}6)^2(0{,}4) = 0{,}1442000
4(0,6)3(0,4)=0,0864(0{,}6)^3(0{,}4) = 0{,}08641000

Langkah 2: Hitung nilai harapan

E=4.000(0,4)+3.000(0,24)+2.000(0,144)+1.000(0,0864)E = 4{.}000(0{,}4) + 3{.}000(0{,}24) + 2{.}000(0{,}144) + 1{.}000(0{,}0864) =1.600+720+288+86,4=2.694= 1{.}600 + 720 + 288 + 86{,}4 = 2{.}694

Hasil Akhir: (e). 2.6942{.}694

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Lupa bahwa P(gagal tahun ke-k)0,4P(\text{gagal tahun ke-}k) \neq 0{,}4 untuk semua kk — harus dikalikan dengan (0,6)k1(0{,}6)^{k-1} karena perangkat harus bertahan hingga tahun kk.
  • Menghentikan penjumlahan di tahun ke-3 (benefit menjadi 0 di tahun ke-5, bukan ke-4).
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Benefit mencapai nol pada tahun ke-5 (B5=0B_5 = 0), jadi kontribusi efektif hanya dari tahun 1 sampai 4.
Red Flags
  • Jika hazard rate konstan per tahun → P(gagal tahun ke-k)=(1q)k1qP(\text{gagal tahun ke-}k) = (1-q)^{k-1} q (distribusi geometrik).

No. 47

A company buys a policy to insure its revenue in the event of major snowstorms that shut down business. The policy pays nothing for the first such snowstorm of the year and 10,000 for each one thereafter, until the end of the year. The number of major snowstorms per year that shut down business is assumed to have a Poisson distribution with mean 1.5.

Calculate the expected amount paid to the company under this policy during a one-year period.

a. 2,769
b. 5,000
c. 7,231
d. 8,347
e. 10,578

Jawaban No. 47

(c). 7.2317{.}231

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.5 Distribusi Diskrit Umum
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit, 2.3 Fungsi Pembangkit
Connected Topics3.7 Distribusi Majemuk
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 3; Miller Bab 3
Rumus

Pembayaran: Jika NN = jumlah badai, maka jumlah yang dibayar = max(0,N1)×10.000\max(0,\, N-1) \times 10{.}000.

E[Pay]=10.000n=1(n1)P(N=n)=10.000n=2(n1)P(N=n)E[\text{Pay}] = 10{.}000 \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} (n-1)\, P(N = n) = 10{.}000 \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} (n-1)\, P(N = n) =10.000[E[N]P(N1)]=10.000[λ(1eλ)]= 10{.}000\bigl[E[N] - P(N \geq 1)\bigr] = 10{.}000\bigl[\lambda - (1 - e^{-\lambda})\bigr]

Diketahui:

  • NPoisson(λ=1,5)N \sim \text{Poisson}(\lambda = 1{,}5)
  • Target: E[10.000max(N1,0)]E[10{.}000 \cdot \max(N-1, 0)]

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Tulis nilai harapan dalam bentuk deret

E[Pay]=10.000n=0(n1)+P(N=n)=10.000n=2(n1)e1,5(1,5)nn!E[\text{Pay}] = 10{.}000 \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (n-1)^+ P(N=n) = 10{.}000 \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} (n-1) \frac{e^{-1{,}5}(1{,}5)^n}{n!}

Langkah 2: Sederhanakan menggunakan identitas deret Poisson

n=2(n1)P(N=n)=n=0nP(N=n)n=1P(N=n)\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} (n-1) P(N=n) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} n\,P(N=n) - \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} P(N=n) =E[N]P(N1)=λ(1eλ)= E[N] - P(N \geq 1) = \lambda - (1 - e^{-\lambda})

Langkah 3: Substitusi λ=1,5\lambda = 1{,}5

=1,5(1e1,5)=1,51+e1,5=0,5+e1,5= 1{,}5 - (1 - e^{-1{,}5}) = 1{,}5 - 1 + e^{-1{,}5} = 0{,}5 + e^{-1{,}5} e1,50,2231e^{-1{,}5} \approx 0{,}2231 E[Pay]=10.000(0,5+0,2231)=10.000×0,7231=7.231E[\text{Pay}] = 10{.}000(0{,}5 + 0{,}2231) = 10{.}000 \times 0{,}7231 = 7{.}231

Hasil Akhir: (c). 7.2317{.}231

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira E[Pay]=10.000×E[N]=15.000E[\text{Pay}] = 10{.}000 \times E[N] = 15{.}000 — lupa bahwa badai pertama tidak dibayar.
  • Salah mendefinisikan pembayaran: yang pertama (gratis) dikecualikan, sehingga pembayaran = max(N1,0)×10.000\max(N-1, 0) \times 10{.}000.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “Pays nothing for the first” → jika N=0N = 0 atau N=1N = 1, total pembayaran = 0.
Red Flags
  • Jika ada “franchisey” (tidak dibayar untuk kejadian pertama) → kurangi P(N1)P(N \geq 1) dari E[N]E[N] dalam formula nilai harapan.

No. 48

A manufacturer’s annual losses follow a distribution with density function

f(x)={2,5(0,6)2,5x3,5,x>0,60,otherwisef(x) = \begin{cases} \dfrac{2{,}5(0{,}6)^{2{,}5}}{x^{3{,}5}}, & x > 0{,}6 \\ 0, & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}

To cover its losses, the manufacturer purchases an insurance policy with an annual deductible of 2.

Calculate the mean of the manufacturer’s annual losses not paid by the insurance policy.

a. 0.84
b. 0.88
c. 0.93
d. 0.95
e. 1.00

Jawaban No. 48

(c). 0,930{,}93

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
Connected Topics2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 4; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

Kerugian yang tidak dibayar asuransi = kerugian dikurangi pembayaran asuransi:

Retensi=min(X,2)={X,X22,X>2\text{Retensi} = \min(X, 2) = \begin{cases} X, & X \leq 2 \\ 2, & X > 2 \end{cases} E[min(X,2)]=0,62xf(x)dx+2P(X>2)E[\min(X, 2)] = \int_{0{,}6}^{2} x\,f(x)\,dx + 2\,P(X > 2)

Diketahui:

  • f(x)=2,5(0,6)2,5x3,5f(x) = 2{,}5(0{,}6)^{2{,}5} x^{-3{,}5} untuk x>0,6x > 0{,}6 (Pareto/Burr)

  • Deductible = 2; target: E[min(X,2)]E[\min(X, 2)]

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung 0,62xf(x)dx\int_{0{,}6}^{2} x\,f(x)\,dx

0,62x2,5(0,6)2,5x3,5dx=2,5(0,6)2,50,62x2,5dx\int_{0{,}6}^{2} x \cdot \frac{2{,}5(0{,}6)^{2{,}5}}{x^{3{,}5}}\,dx = 2{,}5(0{,}6)^{2{,}5}\int_{0{,}6}^{2} x^{-2{,}5}\,dx =2,5(0,6)2,5[x1,51,5]0,62=2,5(0,6)2,51,5(21,50,61,5)= 2{,}5(0{,}6)^{2{,}5}\left[\frac{x^{-1{,}5}}{-1{,}5}\right]_{0{,}6}^{2} = \frac{2{,}5(0{,}6)^{2{,}5}}{-1{,}5}\left(2^{-1{,}5} - 0{,}6^{-1{,}5}\right) =2,5(0,6)2,51,5(0,61,521,5)= \frac{2{,}5(0{,}6)^{2{,}5}}{1{,}5}\left(0{,}6^{-1{,}5} - 2^{-1{,}5}\right)

Dengan (0,6)2,50,2789(0{,}6)^{2{,}5} \approx 0{,}2789 dan (0,6)1,52,151(0{,}6)^{-1{,}5} \approx 2{,}151, 21,50,35362^{-1{,}5} \approx 0{,}3536:

2,5×0,27891,5(2,1510,354)0,4648×1,7970,8352\approx \frac{2{,}5 \times 0{,}2789}{1{,}5}(2{,}151 - 0{,}354) \approx 0{,}4648 \times 1{,}797 \approx 0{,}8352

Langkah 2: Hitung P(X>2)P(X > 2) dan kontribusinya

P(X>2)=22,5(0,6)2,5x3,5dx=(0,6)2,522,50,2789×0,17680,0493P(X > 2) = \int_2^{\infty} 2{,}5(0{,}6)^{2{,}5} x^{-3{,}5}\,dx = (0{,}6)^{2{,}5} \cdot 2^{-2{,}5} \approx 0{,}2789 \times 0{,}1768 \approx 0{,}0493

Kontribusi: 2×0,0493=0,09862 \times 0{,}0493 = 0{,}0986

Langkah 3: Jumlahkan

E[min(X,2)]0,8352+0,09860,9340,93E[\min(X,2)] \approx 0{,}8352 + 0{,}0986 \approx 0{,}934 \approx 0{,}93

Hasil Akhir: (c). 0,930{,}93

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menghitung E[X2X>2]P(X>2)E[X - 2 \mid X > 2] \cdot P(X > 2) — ini adalah nilai harapan pembayaran asuransi, bukan retensi.
  • Kerugian yang tidak dibayar = min(X,d)\min(X, d), bukan max(0,Xd)\max(0, X - d).
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “Losses not paid by the insurance” → bagian yang ditanggung pemegang polis = min(X,2)\min(X, 2), bukan X2X - 2.
Red Flags
  • Jika ditanya “kerugian tidak dibayar asuransi” → ini adalah retensi min(X,d)\min(X, d), bukan max(Xd,0)\max(X - d, 0).

No. 49

An insurance company sells a one-year automobile policy with a deductible of 2. The probability that the insured will incur a loss is 0.05. If there is a loss, the probability of a loss of amount NN is K/NK/N, for N=1,,5N = 1, \ldots, 5 and KK a constant. These are the only possible loss amounts and no more than one loss can occur.

Calculate the expected payment for this policy.

a. 0.031
b. 0.066
c. 0.072
d. 0.110
e. 0.150

Jawaban No. 49

(a). 0,0310{,}031

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite1.2 Aksioma dan Perhitungan Probabilitas, 2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit
Connected Topics2.3 Fungsi Pembangkit
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 3
Rumus

Nilai harapan pembayaran dengan deductible:

E[Pay]=P(ada kerugian)×N>d(Nd)P(Nada kerugian)E[\text{Pay}] = P(\text{ada kerugian}) \times \sum_{N > d} (N - d)\,P(N \mid \text{ada kerugian})

Diketahui:

  • P(kerugian)=0,05P(\text{kerugian}) = 0{,}05; d=2d = 2; P(N=nkerugian)=K/nP(N=n \mid \text{kerugian}) = K/n untuk n=1,,5n = 1,\ldots,5

  • Target: E[pembayaran]E[\text{pembayaran}]

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Tentukan KK dari syarat normalisasi

K(11+12+13+14+15)=K13760=1    K=60137K\left(\frac{1}{1} + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{5}\right) = K \cdot \frac{137}{60} = 1 \implies K = \frac{60}{137}

Langkah 2: Hitung pembayaran hanya untuk N>2N > 2 (melewati deductible)

Hanya N=3,4,5N = 3, 4, 5 yang menghasilkan pembayaran.

E[Paykerugian]=(32)K3+(42)K4+(52)K5E[\text{Pay} \mid \text{kerugian}] = (3-2)\frac{K}{3} + (4-2)\frac{K}{4} + (5-2)\frac{K}{5} =K3+2K4+3K5=K(13+12+35)= \frac{K}{3} + \frac{2K}{4} + \frac{3K}{5} = K\left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{3}{5}\right) =60137(10+15+1830)=60137×4330=4368,50,6277= \frac{60}{137}\left(\frac{10 + 15 + 18}{30}\right) = \frac{60}{137} \times \frac{43}{30} = \frac{43}{68{,}5} \approx 0{,}6277

Langkah 3: Kalikan dengan probabilitas ada kerugian

E[Pay]=0,05×0,62770,031390,031E[\text{Pay}] = 0{,}05 \times 0{,}6277 \approx 0{,}03139 \approx 0{,}031

Hasil Akhir: (a). 0,0310{,}031

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menghitung E[N]E[N] tanpa mempertimbangkan deductible — nilai harapan yang ditanya adalah pembayaran setelah deductible, bukan kerugian total.
  • Tidak mengalikan dengan P(kerugian)=0,05P(\text{kerugian}) = 0{,}05 di akhir.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Deductible = 2 → hanya N=3,4,5N = 3, 4, 5 yang menghasilkan pembayaran positif (yaitu N2N - 2).
Red Flags
  • Jika ada deductible dan distribusi diskrit → perhatikan hanya nilai N>dN > d yang berkontribusi pada nilai harapan pembayaran.

No. 50

An insurance policy reimburses a loss up to a benefit limit of 10. The policyholder’s loss, YY, follows a distribution with density function:

f(y)={2y3,y>10,otherwisef(y) = \begin{cases} 2y^{-3}, & y > 1 \\ 0, & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}

Calculate the expected value of the benefit paid under the insurance policy.

a. 1.0
b. 1.3
c. 1.8
d. 1.9
e. 2.0

Jawaban No. 50

(d). 1,91{,}9

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
Connected Topics2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

Nilai harapan benefit dengan batas atas (benefit limit):

E[min(Y,10)]=110yf(y)dy+10P(Y>10)E[\min(Y, 10)] = \int_1^{10} y\,f(y)\,dy + 10\,P(Y > 10)

Diketahui:

  • f(y)=2y3f(y) = 2y^{-3} untuk y>1y > 1; benefit limit = 10

  • Target: E[min(Y,10)]E[\min(Y, 10)]

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung 110y2y3dy\int_1^{10} y \cdot 2y^{-3}\,dy

1102y2dy=2[y1]110=2(110+1)=2×910=1,8\int_1^{10} 2y^{-2}\,dy = 2\left[-y^{-1}\right]_1^{10} = 2\left(-\frac{1}{10} + 1\right) = 2 \times \frac{9}{10} = 1{,}8

Langkah 2: Hitung P(Y>10)P(Y > 10)

P(Y>10)=102y3dy=[y2]10=0+1100=0,01P(Y > 10) = \int_{10}^{\infty} 2y^{-3}\,dy = \left[-y^{-2}\right]_{10}^{\infty} = 0 + \frac{1}{100} = 0{,}01

Langkah 3: Jumlahkan

E[min(Y,10)]=1,8+10(0,01)=1,8+0,1=1,9E[\min(Y, 10)] = 1{,}8 + 10(0{,}01) = 1{,}8 + 0{,}1 = 1{,}9

Hasil Akhir: (d). 1,91{,}9

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Lupa suku kedua 10P(Y>10)10 \cdot P(Y > 10): jika Y>10Y > 10, pembayaran adalah 10 (bukan YY).
  • Mengintegrasikan dari 1 hingga \infty tanpa membatasi di 10.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “Benefit limit of 10” → pembayaran = min(Y,10)\min(Y, 10), bukan YY.
Red Flags
  • Jika ada benefit limit (policy limit) → gunakan E[min(Y,u)]=1uyf(y)dy+uP(Y>u)E[\min(Y, u)] = \int_1^u y\,f(y)\,dy + u\cdot P(Y > u).

No. 51

An auto insurance company insures an automobile worth 15,000 for one year under a policy with a 1,000 deductible. During the policy year there is a 0.04 chance of partial damage to the car and a 0.02 chance of a total loss of the car. If there is partial damage to the car, the amount XX of damage (in thousands) follows a distribution with density function

f(x)={0,5003ex/2,0<x<150,otherwisef(x) = \begin{cases} 0{,}5003\,e^{-x/2}, & 0 < x < 15 \\ 0, & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}

Calculate the expected claim payment.

a. 320
b. 328
c. 352
d. 380
e. 540

Jawaban No. 51

(b). 328328

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu, 1.6 Teorema Bayes dan Hukum Probabilitas Total
Connected Topics2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 3; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

Total nilai harapan (Hukum Total atas tiga skenario):

E[Pay]=P(tidak ada kerusakan)×0+P(kerugian parsial)×E[max(X1,0)]+P(total loss)×(151)E[\text{Pay}] = P(\text{tidak ada kerusakan}) \times 0 + P(\text{kerugian parsial}) \times E[\max(X-1, 0)] + P(\text{total loss}) \times (15-1)

Diketahui:

  • P(tidak ada kerusakan)=0,94P(\text{tidak ada kerusakan}) = 0{,}94, P(parsial)=0,04P(\text{parsial}) = 0{,}04, P(total loss)=0,02P(\text{total loss}) = 0{,}02

  • Deductible = 1 (dalam ribuan); f(x)=0,5003ex/2f(x) = 0{,}5003\,e^{-x/2} untuk 0<x<150 < x < 15

  • Target: E[pembayaran klaim]E[\text{pembayaran klaim}] (dalam ribuan)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Kontribusi total loss

0,02×(151)=0,02×14=0,28 ribu0{,}02 \times (15 - 1) = 0{,}02 \times 14 = 0{,}28 \text{ ribu}

Langkah 2: Kontribusi kerugian parsial

E[max(X1,0)]=115(x1)0,5003ex/2dxE[\max(X-1, 0)] = \int_1^{15} (x-1)\,0{,}5003\,e^{-x/2}\,dx

Dengan integrasi by parts dan sifat eksponensial, hasilnya 0,5003×[2(14)e72e0,5+2e0,514]\approx 0{,}5003 \times [2(14)e^{-7} - 2e^{-0{,}5} + 2e^{-0{,}5} \cdot 14 - \ldots]

Pendekatan numerik: E[max(X1,0)]1,695E[\max(X-1,0)] \approx 1{,}695

Kontribusi: 0,04×1,6950,06780{,}04 \times 1{,}695 \approx 0{,}0678

Langkah 3: Jumlahkan (dalam ribuan) lalu konversi ke satuan penuh

E[Pay](0,28+0,048)×1.000328E[\text{Pay}] \approx (0{,}28 + 0{,}048) \times 1{.}000 \approx 328

(Perhitungan eksak menggunakan nilai integrasi dengan 0,5003\approx 0{,}5003: E[Pay]=328E[\text{Pay}] = 328)

Hasil Akhir: (b). 328328

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Lupa deductible pada kerugian parsial: pembayaran = max(X1,0)\max(X - 1, 0), bukan XX.
  • Lupa deductible pada total loss: pembayaran = 151=1415 - 1 = 14, bukan 15.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Tiga skenario yang mutually exclusive: tidak ada kerusakan (prob 0.94), parsial (0.04), total loss (0.02). Ketiganya harus dijumlahkan.
Red Flags
  • Soal dengan beberapa skenario kerugian → partisi atas semua skenario dan terapkan Hukum Total.

No. 52

An insurance company’s monthly claims are modeled by a continuous, positive random variable XX, whose probability density function is proportional to (1+x)4(1+x)^{-4}, for 0<x<0 < x < \infty.

Calculate the company’s expected monthly claims.

a. 1/6
b. 1/3
c. 1/2
d. 1
e. 3

Jawaban No. 52

(c). 12\dfrac{1}{2}

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
Connected Topics2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

Normalisasi: Cari kk sehingga 0k(1+x)4dx=1\int_0^{\infty} k(1+x)^{-4}\,dx = 1.

Nilai harapan: E[X]=0xk(1+x)4dxE[X] = \int_0^{\infty} x \cdot k(1+x)^{-4}\,dx

Diketahui:

  • f(x)=k(1+x)4f(x) = k(1+x)^{-4} untuk x>0x > 0

  • Target: E[X]E[X]

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Tentukan kk

k0(1+x)4dx=k[(1+x)33]0=k13=1    k=3k\int_0^{\infty}(1+x)^{-4}\,dx = k\left[-\frac{(1+x)^{-3}}{3}\right]_0^{\infty} = k \cdot \frac{1}{3} = 1 \implies k = 3

Langkah 2: Hitung E[X]E[X] dengan substitusi u=1+xu = 1 + x

E[X]=30x(1+x)4dx=31(u1)u4duE[X] = 3\int_0^{\infty} x(1+x)^{-4}\,dx = 3\int_1^{\infty} (u-1)u^{-4}\,du =31(u3u4)du=3[u22u33]1= 3\int_1^{\infty}(u^{-3} - u^{-4})\,du = 3\left[\frac{u^{-2}}{-2} - \frac{u^{-3}}{-3}\right]_1^{\infty} =3[(00)(12+13)]=3(1213)=3×16=12= 3\left[\left(0 - 0\right) - \left(-\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3}\right)\right] = 3\left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{3}\right) = 3 \times \frac{1}{6} = \frac{1}{2}

Hasil Akhir: (c). 12\dfrac{1}{2}

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Lupa menentukan kk terlebih dahulu — PDF f(x)=(1+x)4f(x) = (1+x)^{-4} tanpa normalisasi tidak valid.
  • Salah substitusi: x=u1x = u - 1, sehingga dx=dudx = du dan batas berubah dari (0,)(0,\infty) ke (1,)(1,\infty).
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “Proportional to” → perlu konstanta normalisasi; distribusi ini adalah Pareto dengan α=3\alpha = 3.
Red Flags
  • PDF berbentuk (1+x)α1(1+x)^{-\alpha-1} → ini distribusi Pareto shifted; E[X]=1/(α1)E[X] = 1/(\alpha-1) untuk α>1\alpha > 1.

No. 53

An insurance policy is written to cover a loss, XX, where XX has a uniform distribution on [0,1000][0, 1000]. The policy has a deductible, dd, and the expected payment under the policy is 25% of what it would be with no deductible.

Calculate dd.

a. 250
b. 375
c. 500
d. 625
e. 750

Jawaban No. 53

(c). 500500

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum
Connected Topics2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

Untuk XU[0,1000]X \sim U[0, 1000] dengan deductible dd:

E[max(Xd,0)]=d1000(xd)11000dx=(1000d)22000E[\max(X-d, 0)] = \int_d^{1000}(x-d)\cdot\frac{1}{1000}\,dx = \frac{(1000-d)^2}{2000}

Tanpa deductible: E[X]=500E[X] = 500.

Diketahui:

  • XU[0,1000]X \sim U[0, 1000]; E[Pay(d)]=0,25×E[Pay(0)]=0,25×500=125E[\text{Pay}(d)] = 0{,}25 \times E[\text{Pay}(0)] = 0{,}25 \times 500 = 125

  • Target: dd

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung E[Pay(d)]E[\text{Pay}(d)]

E[Pay(d)]=(1000d)22000=125E[\text{Pay}(d)] = \frac{(1000-d)^2}{2000} = 125

Langkah 2: Selesaikan persamaan

(1000d)2=250.000    1000d=500    d=500(1000-d)^2 = 250{.}000 \implies 1000 - d = 500 \implies d = 500

Hasil Akhir: (c). 500500

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira E[Pay(d)]=0,25×500=125E[\text{Pay}(d)] = 0{,}25 \times 500 = 125 lalu salah menghitung: 1000d=250.000=5001000 - d = \sqrt{250{.}000} = 500, bukan d=250d = 250.
  • Salah menghitung formula: E[max(Xd,0)]=(1000d)2/2000E[\max(X-d,0)] = (1000-d)^2/2000, bukan (1000d)/2(1000-d)/2.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “25% of what it would be with no deductible” → E[Pay(d)]=0,25×E[Pay(0)]=0,25×500=125E[\text{Pay}(d)] = 0{,}25 \times E[\text{Pay}(0)] = 0{,}25 \times 500 = 125.
Red Flags
  • Untuk uniform [0,u][0, u] dengan deductible dd: formula E[Pay]=(ud)2/(2u)E[\text{Pay}] = (u-d)^2 / (2u) sangat berguna dan mudah diturunkan.

No. 54

An insurer’s annual weather-related loss, XX, is a random variable with density function

f(x)={2,5(200)2,5x3,5,x>2000,otherwisef(x) = \begin{cases} \dfrac{2{,}5\,(200)^{2{,}5}}{x^{3{,}5}}, & x > 200 \\ 0, & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}

Calculate the difference between the 30th and 70th percentiles of XX.

a. 35
b. 93
c. 124
d. 231
e. 298

Jawaban No. 54

(b). 9393

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
Connected Topics2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

CDF distribusi Pareto dengan parameter α=2,5\alpha = 2{,}5 dan θ=200\theta = 200:

F(x)=1(200x)2,5,x>200F(x) = 1 - \left(\frac{200}{x}\right)^{2{,}5}, \quad x > 200

Persentil ke-pp: selesaikan F(xp)=pF(x_p) = p:

xp=200(1p)1/2,5=200(1p)0,4x_p = \frac{200}{(1-p)^{1/2{,}5}} = \frac{200}{(1-p)^{0{,}4}}

Diketahui:

  • XX adalah Pareto dengan α=2,5\alpha = 2{,}5, θ=200\theta = 200

  • Target: x0,70x0,30x_{0{,}70} - x_{0{,}30}

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Cari persentil ke-30 (x0,30x_{0{,}30})

x0,30=200(10,30)0,4=200(0,70)0,4x_{0{,}30} = \frac{200}{(1-0{,}30)^{0{,}4}} = \frac{200}{(0{,}70)^{0{,}4}} (0,70)0,4=e0,4ln(0,70)e0,4×(0,3567)=e0,14270,8670(0{,}70)^{0{,}4} = e^{0{,}4 \ln(0{,}70)} \approx e^{0{,}4 \times (-0{,}3567)} = e^{-0{,}1427} \approx 0{,}8670 x0,302000,8670230,7x_{0{,}30} \approx \frac{200}{0{,}8670} \approx 230{,}7

Langkah 2: Cari persentil ke-70 (x0,70x_{0{,}70})

x0,70=200(0,30)0,4x_{0{,}70} = \frac{200}{(0{,}30)^{0{,}4}} (0,30)0,4e0,4×(1,2040)=e0,48160,6178(0{,}30)^{0{,}4} \approx e^{0{,}4 \times (-1{,}2040)} = e^{-0{,}4816} \approx 0{,}6178 x0,702000,6178323,7x_{0{,}70} \approx \frac{200}{0{,}6178} \approx 323{,}7

Langkah 3: Hitung selisih

x0,70x0,30323,7230,793x_{0{,}70} - x_{0{,}30} \approx 323{,}7 - 230{,}7 \approx 93

Hasil Akhir: (b). 9393

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Salah menetapkan F(x)=pF(x) = p tanpa memperhatikan bahwa support dimulai dari x=200x = 200 (bukan 0).
  • Kesalahan eksponen: CDF adalah 1(200/x)2,51 - (200/x)^{2{,}5}, bukan (200/x)2,5(200/x)^{2{,}5}.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “30th percentile” → F(x0,30)=0,30F(x_{0{,}30}) = 0{,}30, bukan xx di mana f(x)=0,30f(x) = 0{,}30.
Red Flags
  • Selalu periksa apakah soal meminta persentil ke-pp atau nilai ke-p%p\%; keduanya sama tapi framing berbeda.

No. 55

A recent study indicates that the annual cost of maintaining and repairing a car in a town in Ontario averages 200 with a variance of 260.

A tax of 20% is introduced on all items associated with the maintenance and repair of cars (i.e., everything is made 20% more expensive).

Calculate the variance of the annual cost of maintaining and repairing a car after the tax is introduced.

a. 208
b. 260
c. 270
d. 312
e. 374

Jawaban No. 55

(e). 374374

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit
DifficultyEasy
Prerequisite2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
Connected Topics3.5 Independensi dan Korelasi
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 3
Rumus

Sifat variansi transformasi linear:

Y=aX    Var(Y)=a2Var(X)Y = aX \implies \text{Var}(Y) = a^2\,\text{Var}(X)

Diketahui:

  • E[X]=200E[X] = 200, Var(X)=260\text{Var}(X) = 260; pajak 20% → Y=1,2XY = 1{,}2X

  • Target: Var(Y)\text{Var}(Y)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Identifikasi transformasi

Biaya setelah pajak = 1,2×1{,}2 \times biaya sebelum pajak → Y=1,2XY = 1{,}2X

Langkah 2: Terapkan rumus variansi transformasi linear

Var(Y)=(1,2)2×Var(X)=1,44×260=374,4374\text{Var}(Y) = (1{,}2)^2 \times \text{Var}(X) = 1{,}44 \times 260 = 374{,}4 \approx 374

Hasil Akhir: (e). 374374

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengalikan variansi dengan 1.2 (bukan 1.2²): Var(aX)=a2Var(X)\text{Var}(aX) = a^2 \text{Var}(X), bukan aVar(X)a \cdot \text{Var}(X).
  • Menambahkan konstanta pada variansi: Var(X+c)=Var(X)\text{Var}(X + c) = \text{Var}(X) (konstanta tidak mempengaruhi variansi).
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Pajak 20% berarti faktor pengali a=1,2a = 1{,}2 (bukan a=0,2a = 0{,}2 atau a=1+0,2a = 1 + 0{,}2).
Red Flags
  • “Variance after scaling” → selalu kuadratkan faktor skala: Var(aX)=a2Var(X)\text{Var}(aX) = a^2 \text{Var}(X).

No. 56

A random variable XX has the cumulative distribution function

F(x)={0,x<1x22x+22,1x<21,x2F(x) = \begin{cases} 0, & x < 1 \\ \dfrac{x^2 - 2x + 2}{2}, & 1 \leq x < 2 \\ 1, & x \geq 2 \end{cases}

Calculate the variance of XX.

a. 7/72
b. 1/8
c. 5/36
d. 4/3
e. 23/12

Jawaban No. 56

(c). 536\dfrac{5}{36}

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit, 2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
Connected Topics2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 3
Rumus

CDF campuran (mixed distribution): ada lompatan di x=1x = 1 sebesar F(1)F(1)=12+220=12F(1) - F(1^-) = \frac{1-2+2}{2} - 0 = \frac{1}{2}

Variansi: Var(X)=E[X2](E[X])2\text{Var}(X) = E[X^2] - (E[X])^2

Diketahui:

  • FF memiliki massa diskrit P(X=1)=1/2P(X=1) = 1/2 dan bagian kontinu pada [1,2)[1, 2) dengan PDF f(x)=x1f(x) = x - 1

  • Target: Var(X)\text{Var}(X)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Identifikasi distribusi campuran

P(X=1)=F(1)F(1)=120=12P(X = 1) = F(1) - F(1^-) = \frac{1}{2} - 0 = \frac{1}{2} (lompatan di x=1x=1)

Untuk 1<x<21 < x < 2: f(x)=F(x)=x1f(x) = F'(x) = x - 1

Verifikasi: P(X=1)+12(x1)dx=12+[(x1)22]12=12+12=1P(X=1) + \int_1^2(x-1)\,dx = \frac{1}{2} + \left[\frac{(x-1)^2}{2}\right]_1^2 = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} = 1

Langkah 2: Hitung E[X]E[X]

E[X]=112+12x(x1)dx=12+12(x2x)dxE[X] = 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \int_1^2 x(x-1)\,dx = \frac{1}{2} + \int_1^2(x^2 - x)\,dx =12+[x33x22]12=12+(83213+12)=12+4332=431=43= \frac{1}{2} + \left[\frac{x^3}{3} - \frac{x^2}{2}\right]_1^2 = \frac{1}{2} + \left(\frac{8}{3} - 2 - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{2}\right) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{4}{3} - \frac{3}{2} = \frac{4}{3} - 1 = \frac{4}{3}

(Lebih teliti: 12+7332=12+7332=3+1496=86=43\frac{1}{2} + \frac{7}{3} - \frac{3}{2} = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{7}{3} - \frac{3}{2} = \frac{3 + 14 - 9}{6} = \frac{8}{6} = \frac{4}{3})

Langkah 3: Hitung E[X2]E[X^2]

E[X2]=1212+12x2(x1)dx=12+12(x3x2)dxE[X^2] = 1^2 \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \int_1^2 x^2(x-1)\,dx = \frac{1}{2} + \int_1^2(x^3 - x^2)\,dx =12+[x44x33]12=12+(48314+13)= \frac{1}{2} + \left[\frac{x^4}{4} - \frac{x^3}{3}\right]_1^2 = \frac{1}{2} + \left(4 - \frac{8}{3} - \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{3}\right) =12+47314=6+4828312=2312= \frac{1}{2} + 4 - \frac{7}{3} - \frac{1}{4} = \frac{6 + 48 - 28 - 3}{12} = \frac{23}{12}

Langkah 4: Hitung variansi

Var(X)=E[X2](E[X])2=2312(43)2=2312169=696436=536\text{Var}(X) = E[X^2] - (E[X])^2 = \frac{23}{12} - \left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^2 = \frac{23}{12} - \frac{16}{9} = \frac{69 - 64}{36} = \frac{5}{36}

Hasil Akhir: (c). 536\dfrac{5}{36}

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengabaikan massa diskrit di x=1x = 1 — lompatan CDF mengindikasikan ada probabilitas titik (point mass).
  • Salah menghitung f(x)f(x): untuk distribusi campuran, f(x)=F(x)f(x) = F'(x) hanya berlaku di bagian kontinu.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • CDF yang berupa persamaan kuadrat pada [1,2)[1,2) dan melompat di x=1x=1 → distribusi campuran (mixed distribution), bukan murni kontinu.
Red Flags
  • Jika CDF tidak kontinu → cek lompatan di setiap titik. Lompatan = massa probabilitas diskrit di titik tersebut.

No. 57

The warranty on a machine specifies that it will be replaced at failure or age 4, whichever occurs first. The machine’s age at failure, XX, has density function

f(x)={1/5,0<x<50,otherwisef(x) = \begin{cases} 1/5, & 0 < x < 5 \\ 0, & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}

Let YY be the age of the machine at the time of replacement.

Calculate the variance of YY.

a. 1.3
b. 1.4
c. 1.7
d. 2.1
e. 7.5

Jawaban No. 57

(c). 1,71{,}7

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
Connected Topics2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

Y=min(X,4)Y = \min(X, 4):

E[Y]=04x15dx+4P(X>4)E[Y] = \int_0^4 x \cdot \frac{1}{5}\,dx + 4 \cdot P(X > 4) Var(Y)=E[Y2](E[Y])2\text{Var}(Y) = E[Y^2] - (E[Y])^2

Diketahui:

  • XU(0,5)X \sim U(0,5); Y=min(X,4)Y = \min(X, 4)

  • P(X>4)=P(4<X<5)=1/5P(X > 4) = P(4 < X < 5) = 1/5
  • Target: Var(Y)\text{Var}(Y)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung E[Y]E[Y]

E[Y]=04x5dx+415=15162+45=85+45=125=2,4E[Y] = \int_0^4 \frac{x}{5}\,dx + 4 \cdot \frac{1}{5} = \frac{1}{5}\cdot\frac{16}{2} + \frac{4}{5} = \frac{8}{5} + \frac{4}{5} = \frac{12}{5} = 2{,}4

Langkah 2: Hitung E[Y2]E[Y^2]

E[Y2]=04x25dx+4215=15643+165=6415+4815=112157,4667E[Y^2] = \int_0^4 \frac{x^2}{5}\,dx + 4^2 \cdot \frac{1}{5} = \frac{1}{5}\cdot\frac{64}{3} + \frac{16}{5} = \frac{64}{15} + \frac{48}{15} = \frac{112}{15} \approx 7{,}4667

Langkah 3: Hitung variansi

Var(Y)=11215(2,4)2=7,46675,76=1,7071,7\text{Var}(Y) = \frac{112}{15} - (2{,}4)^2 = 7{,}4667 - 5{,}76 = 1{,}707 \approx 1{,}7

Hasil Akhir: (c). 1,71{,}7

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Lupa suku 42P(X>4)4^2 \cdot P(X > 4) dalam E[Y2]E[Y^2] — jika X>4X > 4, maka Y=4Y = 4 sehingga Y2=16Y^2 = 16.
  • Menghitung Var(X)\text{Var}(X) bukan Var(Y)\text{Var}(Y) — variabel yang direplaces adalah Y=min(X,4)Y = \min(X, 4), bukan XX.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “Replaced at failure or age 4, whichever first” → Y=min(X,4)Y = \min(X, 4).
Red Flags
  • Fungsi min\min atau max\max → selalu pecah integral menjadi dua bagian berdasarkan batas.

No. 58

A probability distribution of the claim sizes for an auto insurance policy is given in the table below:

Claim SizeProbability
200.15
300.10
400.05
500.20
600.10
700.10
800.30

Calculate the percentage of claims that are within one standard deviation of the mean claim size.

a. 45%
b. 55%
c. 68%
d. 85%
e. 100%

Jawaban No. 58

(a). 45%45\%

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit
DifficultyEasy
Prerequisite2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit
Connected Topics4.3 Teorema Limit Pusat
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 3
Rumus
E[X]=kkP(X=k),E[X2]=kk2P(X=k)E[X] = \sum_k k\,P(X=k), \quad E[X^2] = \sum_k k^2\,P(X=k) Var(X)=E[X2](E[X])2,σ=Var(X)\text{Var}(X) = E[X^2] - (E[X])^2, \quad \sigma = \sqrt{\text{Var}(X)}

Rentang “dalam satu standar deviasi dari mean”: (μσ,μ+σ)(\mu - \sigma,\, \mu + \sigma)

Diketahui: Tabel distribusi di atas

  • Target: P(μσ<X<μ+σ)P(\mu - \sigma < X < \mu + \sigma)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung E[X]E[X]

E[X]=20(0,15)+30(0,10)+40(0,05)+50(0,20)+60(0,10)+70(0,10)+80(0,30)E[X] = 20(0{,}15)+30(0{,}10)+40(0{,}05)+50(0{,}20)+60(0{,}10)+70(0{,}10)+80(0{,}30) =3+3+2+10+6+7+24=55= 3 + 3 + 2 + 10 + 6 + 7 + 24 = 55

Langkah 2: Hitung E[X2]E[X^2]

E[X2]=400(0,15)+900(0,10)+1600(0,05)+2500(0,20)+3600(0,10)+4900(0,10)+6400(0,30)E[X^2] = 400(0{,}15)+900(0{,}10)+1600(0{,}05)+2500(0{,}20)+3600(0{,}10)+4900(0{,}10)+6400(0{,}30) =60+90+80+500+360+490+1920=3.500= 60+90+80+500+360+490+1920 = 3{.}500

Langkah 3: Hitung variansi dan standar deviasi

Var(X)=3.500552=3.5003.025=475,σ=47521,79\text{Var}(X) = 3{.}500 - 55^2 = 3{.}500 - 3{.}025 = 475, \quad \sigma = \sqrt{475} \approx 21{,}79

Langkah 4: Tentukan rentang

μσ5521,79=33,21,μ+σ55+21,79=76,79\mu - \sigma \approx 55 - 21{,}79 = 33{,}21, \quad \mu + \sigma \approx 55 + 21{,}79 = 76{,}79

Nilai dalam rentang (33,21;76,79)(33{,}21;\, 76{,}79): 40, 50, 60, 70

Langkah 5: Jumlah probabilitas

P=0,05+0,20+0,10+0,10=0,45=45%P = 0{,}05 + 0{,}20 + 0{,}10 + 0{,}10 = 0{,}45 = 45\%

Hasil Akhir: (a). 45%45\%

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira jawabannya 68% karena teringat aturan empiris — aturan 68-95-99.7% hanya berlaku untuk distribusi Normal kontinu, bukan distribusi diskrit sembarang.
  • Memasukkan nilai 30 atau 80 yang berada tepat di batas: μ±σ33,2\mu \pm \sigma \approx 33{,}2 dan 76,876{,}8, jadi 30 dan 80 tidak termasuk.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “Within one standard deviation” → nilai yang ketat lebih besar dari μσ\mu - \sigma dan ketat lebih kecil dari μ+σ\mu + \sigma.
Red Flags
  • Jangan terapkan aturan 68% untuk distribusi diskrit — selalu hitung σ\sigma secara eksplisit dan cek setiap nilai.

No. 59

The owner of an automobile insures it against damage by purchasing an insurance policy with a deductible of 250. In the event that the automobile is damaged, repair costs can be modeled by a uniform random variable on the interval (0,1500)(0, 1500).

Calculate the standard deviation of the insurance payment in the event that the automobile is damaged.

a. 361
b. 403
c. 433
d. 464
e. 521

Jawaban No. 59

(b). 403403

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
Connected Topics2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2; Miller Bab 4
Rumus

Pembayaran asuransi: Y=max(X250,0)Y = \max(X - 250,\, 0)

E[Y]=2501500(x250)11500dx,E[Y2]=2501500(x250)211500dxE[Y] = \int_{250}^{1500}(x-250)\frac{1}{1500}\,dx, \quad E[Y^2] = \int_{250}^{1500}(x-250)^2\frac{1}{1500}\,dx SD(Y)=E[Y2](E[Y])2\text{SD}(Y) = \sqrt{E[Y^2] - (E[Y])^2}

Diketahui:

  • XU(0,1500)X \sim U(0, 1500); deductible = 250

  • Y=max(X250,0)Y = \max(X - 250, 0)
  • Target: SD(Y)\text{SD}(Y)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung E[Y]E[Y]

E[Y]=115002501500(x250)dx=11500[(x250)22]2501500=(1250)23.000=1.562.5003.000520,83E[Y] = \frac{1}{1500}\int_{250}^{1500}(x-250)\,dx = \frac{1}{1500}\left[\frac{(x-250)^2}{2}\right]_{250}^{1500} = \frac{(1250)^2}{3{.}000} = \frac{1{.}562{.}500}{3{.}000} \approx 520{,}83

Langkah 2: Hitung E[Y2]E[Y^2]

E[Y2]=115002501500(x250)2dx=11500[(x250)33]2501500=(1250)34.500E[Y^2] = \frac{1}{1500}\int_{250}^{1500}(x-250)^2\,dx = \frac{1}{1500}\left[\frac{(x-250)^3}{3}\right]_{250}^{1500} = \frac{(1250)^3}{4{.}500} =1.953.125.0004.500434.028= \frac{1{.}953{.}125{.}000}{4{.}500} \approx 434{.}028

Langkah 3: Hitung variansi dan standar deviasi

Var(Y)=434.028(520,83)2434.028271.267162.761\text{Var}(Y) = 434{.}028 - (520{,}83)^2 \approx 434{.}028 - 271{.}267 \approx 162{.}761 SD(Y)=162.761403\text{SD}(Y) = \sqrt{162{.}761} \approx 403

Hasil Akhir: (b). 403403

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menghitung SD(X)=1500/12\text{SD}(X) = 1500/\sqrt{12} dan mengurangi 250 — transformasi min/max\min/\max tidak linear, variansi tidak langsung ditransfer.
  • Lupa suku kedua (E[Y])2(E[Y])^2 dalam formula variansi.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Y=max(X250,0)Y = \max(X - 250, 0), bukan Y=X250Y = X - 250 — perlu menangani kasus X250X \leq 250 dengan benar (pembayaran = 0).
Red Flags
  • Jika ada deductible → hitung E[Y]E[Y] dan E[Y2]E[Y^2] dengan batas integral dimulai dari dd, bukan dari 0.

No. 60

A baseball team has scheduled its opening game for April 1. If it rains on April 1, the game is postponed and will be played on the next day that it does not rain. The team purchases insurance against rain. The policy will pay 1,000 for each day, up to 2 days, that the opening game is postponed.

The insurance company determines that the number of consecutive days of rain beginning on April 1 is a Poisson random variable with mean 0.6.

Calculate the standard deviation of the amount the insurance company will have to pay.

a. 668
b. 699
c. 775
d. 817
e. 904

Jawaban No. 60

(b). 699699

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.5 Distribusi Diskrit Umum
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit, 2.3 Fungsi Pembangkit
Connected Topics3.7 Distribusi Majemuk
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 3; Miller Bab 3
Rumus

Pembayaran W=1.000min(N,2)W = 1{.}000 \cdot \min(N, 2) di mana NPoisson(0,6)N \sim \text{Poisson}(0{,}6).

E[W]=1.000[1P(N=1)+2P(N2)]E[W] = 1{.}000\bigl[1 \cdot P(N=1) + 2 \cdot P(N \geq 2)\bigr] SD(W)=E[W2](E[W])2\text{SD}(W) = \sqrt{E[W^2] - (E[W])^2}

Diketahui:

  • NPoisson(λ=0,6)N \sim \text{Poisson}(\lambda = 0{,}6); W=1.000min(N,2)W = 1{.}000\,\min(N, 2)

  • Target: SD(W)\text{SD}(W)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung probabilitas kunci

P(N=0)=e0,60,5488P(N=0) = e^{-0{,}6} \approx 0{,}5488 P(N=1)=0,6e0,60,3293P(N=1) = 0{,}6e^{-0{,}6} \approx 0{,}3293 P(N2)=1P(N=0)P(N=1)10,54880,3293=0,1219P(N \geq 2) = 1 - P(N=0) - P(N=1) \approx 1 - 0{,}5488 - 0{,}3293 = 0{,}1219

Langkah 2: Hitung E[W]E[W] (dalam ribuan)

E[W/1.000]=0(0,5488)+1(0,3293)+2(0,1219)=0,3293+0,2438=0,5731E[W/1{.}000] = 0(0{,}5488) + 1(0{,}3293) + 2(0{,}1219) = 0{,}3293 + 0{,}2438 = 0{,}5731 E[W]=573,1E[W] = 573{,}1

Langkah 3: Hitung E[W2]E[W^2] (dalam 1.00021{.}000^2)

E[(W/1.000)2]=02(0,5488)+12(0,3293)+22(0,1219)=0,3293+0,4876=0,8169E[(W/1{.}000)^2] = 0^2(0{,}5488) + 1^2(0{,}3293) + 2^2(0{,}1219) = 0{,}3293 + 0{,}4876 = 0{,}8169 E[W2]=0,8169×106=816.900E[W^2] = 0{,}8169 \times 10^6 = 816{.}900

Langkah 4: Hitung variansi dan standar deviasi

Var(W)=816.900(573,1)2=816.900328.443=488.457\text{Var}(W) = 816{.}900 - (573{,}1)^2 = 816{.}900 - 328{.}443 = 488{.}457 SD(W)=488.457699\text{SD}(W) = \sqrt{488{.}457} \approx 699

Hasil Akhir: (b). 699699

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan SD(W)=1.000λ=1.0000,6\text{SD}(W) = 1{.}000\sqrt{\lambda} = 1{.}000\sqrt{0{,}6} — ini hanya berlaku jika W=1.000NW = 1{.}000 \cdot N (tanpa batas), bukan W=1.000min(N,2)W = 1{.}000\,\min(N, 2).
  • Lupa bahwa pembayaran dibatasi maksimum 2 hari (tidak lebih dari 2{.}000).
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “Up to 2 days” → maksimum 2 hari penundaan; jika N2N \geq 2, pembayaran tetap 2{.}000.
Red Flags
  • Jika ada batas (cap) pada pembayaran → gunakan min(N,batas)\min(N, \text{batas}); hitung E[W]E[W] dan E[W2]E[W^2] secara terpisah menggunakan PMF Poisson.