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Soa Exam P Samples Part 10

No. 271

DELETED, DUPLICATE OF 264

Jawaban No. 271

⚠️ DIANULIR (Dihapus — Duplikat dari No. 264)

FieldIsi
Topik CF2
Sub-topik
Difficulty
Prerequisite
Connected Topics
Referensi
Keterangan Soal Dihapus Soal No. 271 dihapus karena merupakan duplikat dari Soal No. 264.

Status: Soal ini tidak diujikan.


No. 272

DELETED, DUPLICATE OF 260

Jawaban No. 272

⚠️ DIANULIR (Dihapus — Duplikat dari No. 260)

FieldIsi
Topik CF2
Sub-topik
Difficulty
Prerequisite
Connected Topics
Referensi
Keterangan Soal Dihapus Soal No. 272 dihapus karena merupakan duplikat dari Soal No. 260.

Status: Soal ini tidak diujikan.


No. 273

DELETED, DUPLICATE OF 270

Jawaban No. 273

⚠️ DIANULIR (Dihapus — Duplikat dari No. 270)

FieldIsi
Topik CF2
Sub-topik
Difficulty
Prerequisite
Connected Topics
Referensi
Keterangan Soal Dihapus Soal No. 273 dihapus karena merupakan duplikat dari Soal No. 270.

Status: Soal ini tidak diujikan.


No. 274

An insurance company examines its pool of auto insurance customers and gathers the following information:

(i) All customers insure at least one car. (ii) 62% of the customers insure more than one car. (iii) 15% of the customers insure a sports car. (iv) Of those customers who insure more than one car, 20% insure a sports car.

Calculate the probability that a randomly selected customer insures exactly one car, and that the car is not a sports car.

(A) 0.230
(B) 0.260
(C) 0.323
(D) 0.354
(E) 0.380

Jawaban No. 274

(D). 0,3540{,}354

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 1 — Dasar-Dasar Probabilitas
Sub-topik1.2 Aksioma dan Perhitungan Probabilitas
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite1.4 Probabilitas Bersyarat
Connected Topics1.5 Kejadian Independen
ReferensiMiller Bab 2; Hogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 1
Rumus

Hukum probabilitas total dan komplemen:

P(AB)=P(BA)P(A)P(A \cap B) = P(B \mid A) \cdot P(A) P(AcBc)=1P(AB)=1[P(A)+P(B)P(AB)]P(A^c \cap B^c) = 1 - P(A \cup B) = 1 - [P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B)]

Diketahui:

  • AA = kejadian pelanggan mengasuransikan lebih dari satu mobil, P(A)=0,62P(A) = 0{,}62

  • BB = kejadian pelanggan mengasuransikan mobil sport, P(B)=0,15P(B) = 0{,}15

  • P(BA)=0,20P(B \mid A) = 0{,}20
  • Target: P(AcBc)P(A^c \cap B^c) = prob. tepat satu mobil dan bukan sport

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung P(AB)P(A \cap B)

P(AB)=P(BA)P(A)=0,20×0,62=0,124P(A \cap B) = P(B \mid A) \cdot P(A) = 0{,}20 \times 0{,}62 = 0{,}124

Langkah 2: Hitung P(AB)P(A \cup B)

P(AB)=P(A)+P(B)P(AB)=0,62+0,150,124=0,646P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B) = 0{,}62 + 0{,}15 - 0{,}124 = 0{,}646

Langkah 3: Hitung P(AcBc)P(A^c \cap B^c)

P(AcBc)=1P(AB)=10,646=0,354P(A^c \cap B^c) = 1 - P(A \cup B) = 1 - 0{,}646 = 0{,}354

Hasil Akhir: (D). 0,3540{,}354

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira P(AcBc)=P(Ac)P(Bc)P(A^c \cap B^c) = P(A^c) \cdot P(B^c) — ini hanya berlaku jika AA dan BB independen, padahal tidak diketahui demikian.
  • Salah menghitung P(AB)P(A \cap B): menggunakan P(B)=0,15P(B) = 0{,}15 sebagai P(AB)P(A \cap B) langsung.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • “Exactly one car and not a sports car” = AcBcA^c \cap B^c (bukan hanya AcA^c).
Red Flags
  • Jika soal menyebut “of those who… X% do Y” → ini adalah probabilitas bersyarat P(YX)P(Y \mid X), bukan P(XY)P(X \cap Y).
  • P(AcBc)=1P(AB)P(A^c \cap B^c) = 1 - P(A \cup B) via De Morgan — hafalkan identitas ini.

No. 275

DELETED, DUPLICATE OF 259

Jawaban No. 275

⚠️ DIANULIR (Dihapus — Duplikat dari No. 259)

FieldIsi
Topik CF2
Sub-topik
Difficulty
Prerequisite
Connected Topics
Referensi
Keterangan Soal Dihapus Soal No. 275 dihapus karena merupakan duplikat dari Soal No. 259.

Status: Soal ini tidak diujikan.


No. 276

DELETED, DUPLICATE OF 269

Jawaban No. 276

⚠️ DIANULIR (Dihapus — Duplikat dari No. 269)

FieldIsi
Topik CF2
Sub-topik
Difficulty
Prerequisite
Connected Topics
Referensi
Keterangan Soal Dihapus Soal No. 276 dihapus karena merupakan duplikat dari Soal No. 269.

Status: Soal ini tidak diujikan.


No. 277

DELETED, DUPLICATE OF 258

Jawaban No. 277

⚠️ DIANULIR (Dihapus — Duplikat dari No. 258)

FieldIsi
Topik CF2
Sub-topik
Difficulty
Prerequisite
Connected Topics
Referensi
Keterangan Soal Dihapus Soal No. 277 dihapus karena merupakan duplikat dari Soal No. 258.

Status: Soal ini tidak diujikan.


No. 278

DELETED, DUPLICATE OF 268

Jawaban No. 278

⚠️ DIANULIR (Dihapus — Duplikat dari No. 268)

FieldIsi
Topik CF2
Sub-topik
Difficulty
Prerequisite
Connected Topics
Referensi
Keterangan Soal Dihapus Soal No. 278 dihapus karena merupakan duplikat dari Soal No. 268.

Status: Soal ini tidak diujikan.


No. 279

DELETED, DUPLICATE OF 267

Jawaban No. 279

⚠️ DIANULIR (Dihapus — Duplikat dari No. 267)

FieldIsi
Topik CF2
Sub-topik
Difficulty
Prerequisite
Connected Topics
Referensi
Keterangan Soal Dihapus Soal No. 279 dihapus karena merupakan duplikat dari Soal No. 267.

Status: Soal ini tidak diujikan.


No. 280

DELETED, DUPLICATE OF 261

Jawaban No. 280

⚠️ DIANULIR (Dihapus — Duplikat dari No. 261)

FieldIsi
Topik CF2
Sub-topik
Difficulty
Prerequisite
Connected Topics
Referensi
Keterangan Soal Dihapus Soal No. 280 dihapus karena merupakan duplikat dari Soal No. 261.

Status: Soal ini tidak diujikan.


No. 281

DELETED, DUPLICATE OF 265

Jawaban No. 281

⚠️ DIANULIR (Dihapus — Duplikat dari No. 265)

FieldIsi
Topik CF2
Sub-topik
Difficulty
Prerequisite
Connected Topics
Referensi
Keterangan Soal Dihapus Soal No. 281 dihapus karena merupakan duplikat dari Soal No. 265.

Status: Soal ini tidak diujikan.


No. 282

DELETED, DUPLICATE OF 266

Jawaban No. 282

⚠️ DIANULIR (Dihapus — Duplikat dari No. 266)

FieldIsi
Topik CF2
Sub-topik
Difficulty
Prerequisite
Connected Topics
Referensi
Keterangan Soal Dihapus Soal No. 282 dihapus karena merupakan duplikat dari Soal No. 266.

Status: Soal ini tidak diujikan.


No. 283

DELETED, DUPLICATE OF 263

Jawaban No. 283

⚠️ DIANULIR (Dihapus — Duplikat dari No. 263)

FieldIsi
Topik CF2
Sub-topik
Difficulty
Prerequisite
Connected Topics
Referensi
Keterangan Soal Dihapus Soal No. 283 dihapus karena merupakan duplikat dari Soal No. 263.

Status: Soal ini tidak diujikan.


No. 284

An employer provides disability benefits to its employees for work-related and other injuries. The random variables XX and YY denote the employer’s annual expenditures for work-related and other injuries, respectively. An actuarial study reveals the following information about XX and YY:

(i) The density of XX is f(x)=1205ex/(205)f(x) = \dfrac{1}{20\sqrt{5}} e^{-x/(20\sqrt{5})}, for x>0x > 0. (ii) Var(Y)=12,500\text{Var}(Y) = 12{,}500. (iii) The correlation between XX and YY is 0.200.20.

Calculate the variance of the employer’s total expenditures for work-related and other injuries.

(A) 12,500
(B) 13,500
(C) 15,500
(D) 16,500
(E) 18,972

Jawaban No. 284

(D). 16,50016{,}500

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 3 — Variabel Acak Multivariat
Sub-topik3.6 Matriks Variansi-Kovariansi
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite3.5 Independensi dan Korelasi, 2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum
Connected Topics3.1 Distribusi Gabungan (Joint Distribution)
ReferensiMiller Bab 4; Hogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 4
Rumus

Variansi jumlah dua variabel acak:

Var(X+Y)=Var(X)+Var(Y)+2Cov(X,Y)\text{Var}(X + Y) = \text{Var}(X) + \text{Var}(Y) + 2\,\text{Cov}(X, Y)

Hubungan kovarians dan korelasi:

Cov(X,Y)=ρX,YVar(X)Var(Y)\text{Cov}(X, Y) = \rho_{X,Y} \cdot \sqrt{\text{Var}(X)} \cdot \sqrt{\text{Var}(Y)}

Distribusi Eksponensial XExp(θ)X \sim \text{Exp}(\theta) (parametrisasi mean): Var(X)=θ2\text{Var}(X) = \theta^2.

Diketahui:

  • XExpX \sim \text{Exp} dengan mean θ=205\theta = 20\sqrt{5} (kontinu, support x>0x > 0; θ\theta = parameter mean/scale)

  • Var(Y)=12,500\text{Var}(Y) = 12{,}500
  • ρX,Y=0,20\rho_{X,Y} = 0{,}20
  • Target: Var(X+Y)\text{Var}(X + Y)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung Var(X)\text{Var}(X)

Dari PDF f(x)=1205ex/(205)f(x) = \frac{1}{20\sqrt{5}} e^{-x/(20\sqrt{5})}, ini adalah distribusi Eksponensial dengan mean θ=205\theta = 20\sqrt{5}.

Var(X)=θ2=(205)2=400×5=2,000\text{Var}(X) = \theta^2 = (20\sqrt{5})^2 = 400 \times 5 = 2{,}000

Langkah 2: Hitung Cov(X,Y)\text{Cov}(X, Y)

Cov(X,Y)=ρX,YVar(X)Var(Y)\text{Cov}(X, Y) = \rho_{X,Y} \cdot \sqrt{\text{Var}(X)} \cdot \sqrt{\text{Var}(Y)} =0,20×2,000×12,500= 0{,}20 \times \sqrt{2{,}000} \times \sqrt{12{,}500} =0,20×2,000×12,500= 0{,}20 \times \sqrt{2{,}000 \times 12{,}500} =0,20×25,000,000=0,20×5,000=1,000= 0{,}20 \times \sqrt{25{,}000{,}000} = 0{,}20 \times 5{,}000 = 1{,}000

Langkah 3: Hitung Var(X+Y)\text{Var}(X + Y)

Var(X+Y)=Var(X)+Var(Y)+2Cov(X,Y)\text{Var}(X + Y) = \text{Var}(X) + \text{Var}(Y) + 2\,\text{Cov}(X, Y) =2,000+12,500+2×1,000=16,500= 2{,}000 + 12{,}500 + 2 \times 1{,}000 = 16{,}500

Hasil Akhir: (D). 16,50016{,}500

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Lupa mengalikan Cov(X,Y)\text{Cov}(X,Y) dengan faktor 2 dalam rumus Var(X+Y)\text{Var}(X+Y).
  • Salah menghitung Var(X)\text{Var}(X): mean distribusi Eksponensial adalah θ\theta, tetapi variansnya adalah θ2\theta^2, bukan θ\theta.
  • Mengira 2000×12500=2000×12500\sqrt{2000 \times 12500} = \sqrt{2000} \times \sqrt{12500} perlu dihitung terpisah — lebih mudah dihitung sebagai 25.000.000=5.000\sqrt{25.000.000} = 5.000.
Red Flags
  • Jika PDF berbentuk 1θex/θ\frac{1}{\theta} e^{-x/\theta}Var(X)=θ2\text{Var}(X) = \theta^2 (parametrisasi mean).
  • Jika soal memberi ρ\rho dan dua variansi → cari Cov\text{Cov} dulu, lalu hitung Var\text{Var} jumlah.

No. 285

Appraisals of the value of a necklace are uniformly distributed on the interval [θ3,θ+1][\theta - 3, \theta + 1], where θ\theta is the actual price the owner paid for the necklace. Four mutually independent appraisals are obtained.

Let LL denote the lowest of the four appraisals and HH the highest.

Calculate P[L<θ<H]P[L < \theta < H].

(A) 0.152
(B) 0.188
(C) 0.600
(D) 0.680
(E) 0.996

Jawaban No. 285

(D). 0,6800{,}680

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum, 2.5 Distribusi Diskrit Umum
Connected Topics3.1 Distribusi Gabungan (Joint Distribution)
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 5; Miller Bab 7
Rumus

Untuk nn sampel i.i.d., kejadian L<θ<HL < \theta < H terjadi jika dan hanya jika θ\theta bukan minimum maupun maksimum — artinya setidaknya satu nilai di bawah θ\theta dan setidaknya satu di atas θ\theta.

Jika XU[θ3,θ+1]X \sim U[\theta - 3, \theta + 1], maka P(X<θ)=θ(θ3)4=34P(X < \theta) = \frac{\theta - (\theta - 3)}{4} = \frac{3}{4}.

Misalkan WW = jumlah appraisals di bawah θ\theta, maka WB(n,p)W \sim B(n, p) dengan p=3/4p = 3/4.

P(L<θ<H)=P(1Wn1)=1P(W=0)P(W=n)P(L < \theta < H) = P(1 \leq W \leq n-1) = 1 - P(W = 0) - P(W = n)

Diketahui:

  • XU[θ3,θ+1]X \sim U[\theta - 3, \theta + 1], panjang interval = 4 (kontinu)

  • n=4n = 4 appraisals i.i.d.

  • L=X(1)L = X_{(1)} (minimum), H=X(4)H = X_{(4)} (maksimum)

  • Target: P[L<θ<H]P[L < \theta < H]

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung p=P(X<θ)p = P(X < \theta)

p=P(X<θ)=θ(θ3)(θ+1)(θ3)=34=0,75p = P(X < \theta) = \frac{\theta - (\theta - 3)}{(\theta + 1) - (\theta - 3)} = \frac{3}{4} = 0{,}75

Langkah 2: Definisikan variabel bantu

Misalkan WW = jumlah dari 4 appraisals yang nilainya di bawah θ\theta.

WB ⁣(4,34)W \sim B\!\left(4,\, \frac{3}{4}\right)

Kejadian L<θ<HL < \theta < H terjadi tepat saat 1W31 \leq W \leq 3 (ada paling sedikit satu appraisal di bawah θ\theta dan paling sedikit satu di atasnya).

Langkah 3: Hitung P(W=0)P(W = 0) dan P(W=4)P(W = 4)

P(W=0)=(40)(34)0(14)4=12560,0039P(W = 0) = \binom{4}{0}\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^0\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)^4 = \frac{1}{256} \approx 0{,}0039 P(W=4)=(44)(34)4(14)0=812560,3164P(W = 4) = \binom{4}{4}\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^4\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)^0 = \frac{81}{256} \approx 0{,}3164

Langkah 4: Hitung P(1W3)P(1 \leq W \leq 3)

P(L<θ<H)=1P(W=0)P(W=4)=1125681256=182256=1742560,6797P(L < \theta < H) = 1 - P(W=0) - P(W=4) = 1 - \frac{1}{256} - \frac{81}{256} = 1 - \frac{82}{256} = \frac{174}{256} \approx 0{,}6797

Hasil Akhir: (D). 0,6800{,}680

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira P(X<θ)=1/2P(X < \theta) = 1/2 (karena θ\theta terlihat “di tengah”) — padahal θ\theta tidak berada di tengah interval [θ3,θ+1][\theta-3, \theta+1]; ia berada di 3/43/4 dari kiri.
  • Lupa bahwa P(L<θ<H)=1P(semua di bawah)P(semua di atas)P(L < \theta < H) = 1 - P(\text{semua di bawah}) - P(\text{semua di atas}).
Red Flags
  • Jika soal melibatkan minimum dan maksimum dari nn sampel → gunakan statistik order atau argumen Binomial.
  • Periksa posisi θ\theta dalam interval dengan cermat sebelum menghitung pp.

No. 286

Losses follow an exponential distribution with mean 1. Two independent losses are observed.

Calculate the probability that either of the losses is more than twice the other.

(A) 16\dfrac{1}{6}
(B) 14\dfrac{1}{4}
(C) 13\dfrac{1}{3}
(D) 12\dfrac{1}{2}
(E) 23\dfrac{2}{3}

Jawaban No. 286

(E). 23\dfrac{2}{3}

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 3 — Variabel Acak Multivariat
Sub-topik3.1 Distribusi Gabungan (Joint Distribution)
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite2.6 Distribusi Kontinu Umum, 3.5 Independensi dan Korelasi
Connected Topics3.8 Transformasi Variabel Acak Gabungan
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 4; Miller Bab 5
Rumus

Untuk X,YExp(1)X, Y \sim \text{Exp}(1) independen, joint PDF:

fX,Y(x,y)=exey,x>0,y>0f_{X,Y}(x, y) = e^{-x} \cdot e^{-y}, \quad x > 0,\, y > 0

Target: P(Y>2X)+P(X>2Y)P(Y > 2X) + P(X > 2Y).

Diketahui:

  • X,Yi.i.d.Exp(1)X, Y \overset{i.i.d.}{\sim} \text{Exp}(1) (kontinu, support >0> 0; parametrisasi mean = 1)

  • Target: P(Y>2X atau X>2Y)P(Y > 2X \text{ atau } X > 2Y)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung P(Y>2X)P(Y > 2X)

P(Y>2X)=02xexeydydxP(Y > 2X) = \int_0^\infty \int_{2x}^\infty e^{-x} e^{-y}\, dy\, dx

Integral dalam:

2xeydy=e2x\int_{2x}^\infty e^{-y}\, dy = e^{-2x}

Maka:

P(Y>2X)=0exe2xdx=0e3xdx=13P(Y > 2X) = \int_0^\infty e^{-x} \cdot e^{-2x}\, dx = \int_0^\infty e^{-3x}\, dx = \frac{1}{3}

Langkah 2: Hitung P(X>2Y)P(X > 2Y) dengan simetri

Karena XX dan YY berdistribusi identik dan independen, maka secara simetri:

P(X>2Y)=P(Y>2X)=13P(X > 2Y) = P(Y > 2X) = \frac{1}{3}

Langkah 3: Gabungkan (dua kejadian saling asing)

Kejadian "Y>2XY > 2X" dan "X>2YX > 2Y" saling asing (keduanya tidak bisa terjadi bersamaan jika X,Y>0X, Y > 0).

P(Y>2X atau X>2Y)=13+13=23P(Y > 2X \text{ atau } X > 2Y) = \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{3} = \frac{2}{3}

Hasil Akhir: (E). 23\dfrac{2}{3}

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira dua kejadian bisa overlap (keduanya terjadi bersamaan) — padahal jika Y>2X>0Y > 2X > 0 maka X<Y/2<YX < Y/2 < Y, sehingga mustahil X>2YX > 2Y sekaligus.
  • Salah mengatur batas integral: untuk P(Y>2X)P(Y > 2X), batas dalam adalah yy dari 2x2x ke \infty, bukan sebaliknya.
Red Flags
  • Jika dua variabel i.i.d. → manfaatkan simetri untuk mengurangi perhitungan.
  • Jika soal menanyakan “either … or …” untuk dua kejadian saling asing → cukup tambahkan probabilitasnya.

No. 287

DELETED, DUPLICATE OF 262

Jawaban No. 287

⚠️ DIANULIR (Dihapus — Duplikat dari No. 262)

FieldIsi
Topik CF2
Sub-topik
Difficulty
Prerequisite
Connected Topics
Referensi
Keterangan Soal Dihapus Soal No. 287 dihapus karena merupakan duplikat dari Soal No. 262.

Status: Soal ini tidak diujikan.


No. 288

For a pregnant woman, a certain test will give the outcome “not pregnant” with probability 0.10. For a non-pregnant woman, the test will give the outcome “pregnant” with probability 0.20. Of women who take the test, 20% are pregnant.

Calculate the probability that a woman is pregnant, given her test outcome is “pregnant.”

(A) 0.10
(B) 0.20
(C) 0.50
(D) 0.53
(E) 0.90

Jawaban No. 288

(D). 0,530{,}53

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 1 — Dasar-Dasar Probabilitas
Sub-topik1.6 Teorema Bayes dan Hukum Probabilitas Total
DifficultyEasy
Prerequisite1.4 Probabilitas Bersyarat
Connected Topics1.5 Kejadian Independen
ReferensiMiller Bab 2; Hogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 1
Rumus

Teorema Bayes:

P(WPTP)=P(TPWP)P(WP)P(TPWP)P(WP)+P(TPWNP)P(WNP)P(WP \mid TP) = \frac{P(TP \mid WP) \cdot P(WP)}{P(TP \mid WP) \cdot P(WP) + P(TP \mid WNP) \cdot P(WNP)}

Diketahui:

  • WPWP = wanita hamil, WNPWNP = wanita tidak hamil, TPTP = tes menunjukkan hamil

  • P(TPcWP)=0,10P(TPWP)=10,10=0,90P(TP^c \mid WP) = 0{,}10 \Rightarrow P(TP \mid WP) = 1 - 0{,}10 = 0{,}90
  • P(TPWNP)=0,20P(TP \mid WNP) = 0{,}20
  • P(WP)=0,20P(WP) = 0{,}20, sehingga P(WNP)=0,80P(WNP) = 0{,}80

  • Target: P(WPTP)P(WP \mid TP)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung P(TP)P(TP) via Hukum Probabilitas Total

P(TP)=P(TPWP)P(WP)+P(TPWNP)P(WNP)P(TP) = P(TP \mid WP) \cdot P(WP) + P(TP \mid WNP) \cdot P(WNP) =0,90×0,20+0,20×0,80=0,18+0,16=0,34= 0{,}90 \times 0{,}20 + 0{,}20 \times 0{,}80 = 0{,}18 + 0{,}16 = 0{,}34

Langkah 2: Terapkan Teorema Bayes

P(WPTP)=P(TPWP)P(WP)P(TP)=0,90×0,200,34=0,180,340,5294P(WP \mid TP) = \frac{P(TP \mid WP) \cdot P(WP)}{P(TP)} = \frac{0{,}90 \times 0{,}20}{0{,}34} = \frac{0{,}18}{0{,}34} \approx 0{,}5294

Hasil Akhir: (D). 0,530{,}53

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira P(TPWP)=0,10P(TP \mid WP) = 0{,}10 (menggunakan nilai “not pregnant” tanpa mengambil komplemen).
  • Menggunakan P(WP)=0,20P(WP) = 0{,}20 sebagai jawaban langsung — ini adalah prior, bukan posterior.
Red Flags
  • “Probability the test gives X” adalah P(hasil teskondisi)P(\text{hasil tes} \mid \text{kondisi}) — probabilitas bersyarat.
  • Jika soal menyebut “given test outcome” → selalu gunakan Teorema Bayes.

No. 289

An airport owner purchases an insurance policy to offset costs associated with excessive amounts of snowfall. For every full ten inches of snow in excess of 40 inches during the winter season, the insurer pays the airport 200 up to a policy maximum of 500.

The following table shows a probability function for the random variable XX of winter season snowfall, in inches, at the airport.

Inches of Snowfall (xx)p(x)p(x)
0x<200 \leq x < 200.06
20x<3020 \leq x < 300.18
30x<4030 \leq x < 400.26
40x<5040 \leq x < 500.22
50x<6050 \leq x < 600.14
60x<7060 \leq x < 700.06
70x<8070 \leq x < 800.04
80x<9080 \leq x < 900.04
90x90 \leq x0.00

Calculate the standard deviation of the amount paid under the policy.

(A) 163.5
(B) 187.6
(C) 208.7
(D) 234.9
(E) 336.6

Jawaban No. 289

(A). 163,5163{,}5

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
Connected Topics2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
ReferensiMiller Bab 3; Hogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2
Rumus

Variansi dan standar deviasi variabel diskrit:

E[Y]=yyp(y),E[Y2]=yy2p(y)E[Y] = \sum_y y \cdot p(y), \quad E[Y^2] = \sum_y y^2 \cdot p(y) Var(Y)=E[Y2](E[Y])2,SD(Y)=Var(Y)\text{Var}(Y) = E[Y^2] - (E[Y])^2, \quad \text{SD}(Y) = \sqrt{\text{Var}(Y)}

Diketahui:

  • Pembayaran YY: setiap 10 inci salju penuh melebihi 40 inci dibayar 200, maksimum 500

  • Distribusi salju XX diberikan dalam tabel

  • Target: SD(Y)\text{SD}(Y)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Tentukan fungsi pembayaran YY berdasarkan XX

  • 0X<400 \leq X < 40: Y=0Y = 0 (salju tidak melebihi 40)
  • 40X<5040 \leq X < 50: 1 kelipatan penuh (50–40=10 inci) → Y=200Y = 200
  • 50X<6050 \leq X < 60: 2 kelipatan (10 inci tiap kelipatan) → Y=400Y = 400; namun maksimum 500, jadi Y=400Y = 400
  • 60X<7060 \leq X < 70: 2 kelipatan penuh (60–40=20 inci) → Y=400Y = 400; namun soal menghitung per 10 inci penuh di atas 40:
    • 60X<7060 \leq X < 70: floor((X40)/10)2((X-40)/10) \geq 2Y=min(400,500)=400Y = \min(400, 500) = 400… perlu teliti

Klarifikasi aturan: “every full ten inches in excess of 40” berarti (X40)/10\lfloor (X - 40)/10 \rfloor kelipatan (hanya untuk X>40X > 40), dibayar 200 per kelipatan, maksimum 500. Maka:

  • 0X<400 \leq X < 40: (X40)/10=0\lfloor (X-40)/10 \rfloor = 0Y=0Y = 0; p=0,06+0,18+0,26=0,50p = 0{,}06 + 0{,}18 + 0{,}26 = 0{,}50
  • 40X<5040 \leq X < 50: (X40)/10=0\lfloor (X-40)/10 \rfloor = 0Y=0Y = 0; p=0,22p = 0{,}22

Koreksi: “in excess of 40” artinya X>40X > 40. Untuk 40X<5040 \leq X < 50: kelebihan =X40[0,10)= X - 40 \in [0,10), jadi tidak ada full 10 inch → Y=0Y = 0.

  • 50X<6050 \leq X < 60: kelebihan [10,20)\in [10,20), 1 full ten → Y=200Y = 200; p=0,14p = 0{,}14
  • 60X<7060 \leq X < 70: kelebihan [20,30)\in [20,30), 2 full ten → Y=400Y = 400; p=0,06p = 0{,}06
  • 70X<8070 \leq X < 80: kelebihan [30,40)\in [30,40), 3 full ten → Y=600Y = 600 → dibatasi 500; Y=500Y = 500; p=0,04p = 0{,}04
  • 80X<9080 \leq X < 90: kelebihan [40,50)\in [40,50), 4 full ten → Y=800Y = 800 → dibatasi 500; Y=500Y = 500; p=0,04p = 0{,}04

Dengan demikian, distribusi YY:

yyp(y)p(y)
00,50+0,22=0,720{,}50 + 0{,}22 = 0{,}72
2000,140{,}14
4000,060{,}06
5000,04+0,04=0,080{,}04 + 0{,}04 = 0{,}08

Langkah 2: Hitung E[Y]E[Y]

E[Y]=0×0,72+200×0,14+400×0,06+500×0,08E[Y] = 0 \times 0{,}72 + 200 \times 0{,}14 + 400 \times 0{,}06 + 500 \times 0{,}08 =0+28+24+40=92= 0 + 28 + 24 + 40 = 92

Langkah 3: Hitung E[Y2]E[Y^2]

E[Y2]=02×0,72+2002×0,14+4002×0,06+5002×0,08E[Y^2] = 0^2 \times 0{,}72 + 200^2 \times 0{,}14 + 400^2 \times 0{,}06 + 500^2 \times 0{,}08 =0+5,600+9,600+20,000=35,200= 0 + 5{,}600 + 9{,}600 + 20{,}000 = 35{,}200

Langkah 4: Hitung Var(Y)\text{Var}(Y) dan SD(Y)\text{SD}(Y)

Var(Y)=E[Y2](E[Y])2=35,200922=35,2008,464=26,736\text{Var}(Y) = E[Y^2] - (E[Y])^2 = 35{,}200 - 92^2 = 35{,}200 - 8{,}464 = 26{,}736 SD(Y)=26,736163,5\text{SD}(Y) = \sqrt{26{,}736} \approx 163{,}5

Hasil Akhir: (A). 163,5163{,}5

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira 40X<5040 \leq X < 50 menghasilkan pembayaran 200 — perlu ingat bahwa “full ten inches in excess of 40” artinya kelebihan harus 10\geq 10, sehingga XX harus 50\geq 50.
  • Lupa batas maksimum 500 untuk kelompok X70X \geq 70.
Red Flags
  • Jika ada “policy maximum” → periksa setiap kelompok apakah pembayaran sudah mencapai batas.
  • Kelompok X[40,50)X \in [40, 50) menghasilkan Y=0Y = 0, bukan Y=200Y = 200 — salah satu jebakan umum soal ini.

No. 290

Let X1,X2,,X100X_1, X_2, \ldots, X_{100} be independent identically distributed random variables such that P[Xi=0]=P[Xi=2]=0,5P[X_i = 0] = P[X_i = 2] = 0{,}5. Let S=X1+X2++X100S = X_1 + X_2 + \cdots + X_{100}.

Calculate the approximate value of P[S>115]P[S > 115].

(A) 0.005
(B) 0.067
(C) 0.144
(D) 0.147
(E) 0.440

Jawaban No. 290

(B). 0,0670{,}067

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 4 — Statistika Matematika
Sub-topik4.3 Teorema Limit Pusat (CLT)
DifficultyEasy
Prerequisite2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit, 4.2 Distribusi Sampel
Connected Topics4.4 Hukum Bilangan Besar (LLN)
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 5; Miller Bab 7
Rumus

Teorema Limit Pusat: Jika XiX_i i.i.d. dengan μ=E[Xi]\mu = E[X_i] dan σ2=Var(Xi)\sigma^2 = \text{Var}(X_i), maka:

S=i=1nXiapproxN(nμ,nσ2)S = \sum_{i=1}^n X_i \overset{\text{approx}}{\sim} N(n\mu,\, n\sigma^2) P(S>s)P ⁣(Z>snμnσ)P(S > s) \approx P\!\left(Z > \frac{s - n\mu}{\sqrt{n}\,\sigma}\right)

Diketahui:

  • P(Xi=0)=P(Xi=2)=0,5P(X_i = 0) = P(X_i = 2) = 0{,}5, n=100n = 100

  • Target: P(S>115)P(S > 115)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung E[Xi]E[X_i] dan Var(Xi)\text{Var}(X_i)

E[Xi]=0×0,5+2×0,5=1E[X_i] = 0 \times 0{,}5 + 2 \times 0{,}5 = 1 E[Xi2]=02×0,5+22×0,5=2E[X_i^2] = 0^2 \times 0{,}5 + 2^2 \times 0{,}5 = 2 Var(Xi)=E[Xi2](E[Xi])2=21=1\text{Var}(X_i) = E[X_i^2] - (E[X_i])^2 = 2 - 1 = 1

Langkah 2: Tentukan distribusi SS

E[S]=100×1=100,Var(S)=100×1=100E[S] = 100 \times 1 = 100, \quad \text{Var}(S) = 100 \times 1 = 100

Dengan CLT: SapproxN(100,100)S \overset{\text{approx}}{\sim} N(100,\, 100).

Langkah 3: Standarisasi dan hitung probabilitas

P(S>115)P ⁣(Z>115100100)=P ⁣(Z>1510)=P(Z>1,5)P(S > 115) \approx P\!\left(Z > \frac{115 - 100}{\sqrt{100}}\right) = P\!\left(Z > \frac{15}{10}\right) = P(Z > 1{,}5) =1Φ(1,5)10,9332=0,0668= 1 - \Phi(1{,}5) \approx 1 - 0{,}9332 = 0{,}0668

Hasil Akhir: (B). 0,0670{,}067

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira Var(S)=100×Var(Xi)2\text{Var}(S) = 100 \times \text{Var}(X_i)^2 — variansi jumlah adalah nσ2n \cdot \sigma^2, bukan nσ4n \cdot \sigma^4.
  • Salah menghitung Var(Xi)\text{Var}(X_i): E[Xi2]=2E[X_i^2] = 2, bukan E[Xi]2=1E[X_i]^2 = 1.
Red Flags
  • Jika soal menanyakan P(S>nilai)P(S > \text{nilai}) dengan nn besar → CLT, standarisasi, tabel normal baku.
  • Var(S)=100=10\sqrt{\text{Var}(S)} = \sqrt{100} = 10 (standar deviasi SS), bukan 100.

No. 291

Let XX and YY be discrete random variables with joint probability function

p(x,y)={0,250,x=0,y=00,250,x=0,y=10,125,x=1,y=00,375,x=1,y=1p(x, y) = \begin{cases} 0{,}250, & x = 0,\, y = 0 \\ 0{,}250, & x = 0,\, y = 1 \\ 0{,}125, & x = 1,\, y = 0 \\ 0{,}375, & x = 1,\, y = 1 \end{cases}

Calculate Corr(X,Y)\text{Corr}(X, Y), the correlation coefficient of XX and YY.

(A) 0.06
(B) 0.23
(C) 0.26
(D) 0.38
(E) 0.63

Jawaban No. 291

(C). 0,260{,}26

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 3 — Variabel Acak Multivariat
Sub-topik3.5 Independensi dan Korelasi
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite3.1 Distribusi Gabungan (Joint Distribution), 3.2 Distribusi Marginal
Connected Topics3.6 Matriks Variansi-Kovariansi
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 4; Miller Bab 5
Rumus
Cov(X,Y)=E[XY]E[X]E[Y]\text{Cov}(X,Y) = E[XY] - E[X]\,E[Y] Corr(X,Y)=Cov(X,Y)Var(X)Var(Y)\text{Corr}(X,Y) = \frac{\text{Cov}(X,Y)}{\sqrt{\text{Var}(X) \cdot \text{Var}(Y)}}

Diketahui:

  • Joint PMF p(x,y)p(x,y) seperti di atas (diskrit)

  • Target: Corr(X,Y)\text{Corr}(X, Y)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung marginal dan nilai harapan

P(X=1)=0,125+0,375=0,500P(X = 1) = 0{,}125 + 0{,}375 = 0{,}500; P(X=0)=0,500P(X = 0) = 0{,}500

E[X]=0×0,5+1×0,5=0,5E[X] = 0 \times 0{,}5 + 1 \times 0{,}5 = 0{,}5

P(Y=1)=0,250+0,375=0,625P(Y = 1) = 0{,}250 + 0{,}375 = 0{,}625; P(Y=0)=0,375P(Y = 0) = 0{,}375

E[Y]=0×0,375+1×0,625=0,625E[Y] = 0 \times 0{,}375 + 1 \times 0{,}625 = 0{,}625

Koreksi berdasarkan solusi resmi: E[X]=0,25×1+0,375×1=0,625E[X] = 0{,}25 \times 1 + 0{,}375 \times 1 = 0{,}625 menggunakan joint entries yang X=1X=1:

E[X]=1P(X=1)=1×(0,125+0,375)=0,500E[X] = 1 \cdot P(X=1) = 1 \times (0{,}125 + 0{,}375) = 0{,}500 E[Y]=1P(Y=1)=1×(0,250+0,375)=0,625E[Y] = 1 \cdot P(Y=1) = 1 \times (0{,}250 + 0{,}375) = 0{,}625

Langkah 2: Hitung E[XY]E[XY]

XY=1XY = 1 hanya saat x=1,y=1x = 1, y = 1:

E[XY]=1×1×p(1,1)=0,375E[XY] = 1 \times 1 \times p(1,1) = 0{,}375

Langkah 3: Hitung variansi

Karena X{0,1}X \in \{0,1\} Bernoulli dengan p=0,5p = 0{,}5:

Var(X)=E[X2](E[X])2=0,50,25=0,250\text{Var}(X) = E[X^2] - (E[X])^2 = 0{,}5 - 0{,}25 = 0{,}250 Var(Y)=E[Y2](E[Y])2=0,6250,6252=0,6250,390625=0,234375\text{Var}(Y) = E[Y^2] - (E[Y])^2 = 0{,}625 - 0{,}625^2 = 0{,}625 - 0{,}390625 = 0{,}234375

Langkah 4: Hitung Cov\text{Cov} dan Corr\text{Corr}

Cov(X,Y)=E[XY]E[X]E[Y]=0,3750,5×0,625=0,3750,3125=0,0625\text{Cov}(X,Y) = E[XY] - E[X]\,E[Y] = 0{,}375 - 0{,}5 \times 0{,}625 = 0{,}375 - 0{,}3125 = 0{,}0625 Corr(X,Y)=0,06250,250×0,234375=0,06250,05859375=0,06250,24210,258\text{Corr}(X,Y) = \frac{0{,}0625}{\sqrt{0{,}250 \times 0{,}234375}} = \frac{0{,}0625}{\sqrt{0{,}05859375}} = \frac{0{,}0625}{0{,}2421} \approx 0{,}258

Hasil Akhir: (C). 0,260{,}26

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menghitung E[XY]E[XY] dengan menjumlahkan semua sel — padahal XY=0XY = 0 kecuali ketika x=y=1x = y = 1.
  • Salah mengidentifikasi P(Y=1)P(Y=1): total dari semua sel dengan y=1y=1 adalah 0,250+0,375=0,6250{,}250 + 0{,}375 = 0{,}625.
Red Flags
  • Untuk variabel Bernoulli {0,1}\{0,1\}: Var=p(1p)\text{Var} = p(1-p), dan E[X2]=E[X]=pE[X^2] = E[X] = p.
  • Corr\text{Corr} selalu berada di [1,1][-1, 1] — jika hasil di luar rentang ini, ada kesalahan.

No. 292

Let XX and YY be discrete random variables with joint probability function

p(x,y)={121(x+1),x=0,1,2,,5 and y=0,1,,x0,otherwisep(x, y) = \begin{cases} \dfrac{1}{21}(x+1), & x = 0, 1, 2, \ldots, 5 \text{ and } y = 0, 1, \ldots, x \\ 0, & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}

Calculate the variance of YY.

(A) 1.67
(B) 2.22
(C) 3.33
(D) 5.00
(E) 5.56

Jawaban No. 292

(B). 2,222{,}22

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 3 — Variabel Acak Multivariat
Sub-topik3.2 Distribusi Marginal
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite3.1 Distribusi Gabungan (Joint Distribution), 2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit
Connected Topics3.3 Distribusi Bersyarat (Conditional Distribution)
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 4; Miller Bab 5
Rumus

Distribusi marginal YY:

pY(y)=xyp(x,y)=x=y5x+121p_Y(y) = \sum_{x \geq y} p(x, y) = \sum_{x=y}^{5} \frac{x+1}{21} Var(Y)=E[Y2](E[Y])2\text{Var}(Y) = E[Y^2] - (E[Y])^2

Diketahui:

  • p(x,y)=x+121p(x,y) = \frac{x+1}{21} untuk x{0,1,2,3,4,5}x \in \{0,1,2,3,4,5\}, y{0,1,,x}y \in \{0,1,\ldots,x\} (diskrit)

  • Total probabilitas: x=05(x+1)2/21\sum_{x=0}^5 (x+1)^2/21 — perlu diverifikasi =1= 1; x=05(x+1)=21\sum_{x=0}^5 (x+1) = 21, sehingga joint PMF valid.

  • Target: Var(Y)\text{Var}(Y)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung marginal PMF pY(y)p_Y(y)

Untuk nilai yy tertentu, xx bisa bernilai y,y+1,,5y, y+1, \ldots, 5:

pY(y)=x=y5x+121p_Y(y) = \sum_{x=y}^{5} \frac{x+1}{21}
yyJumlah (x+1)(x+1)pY(y)=/21p_Y(y) = /21
01+2+3+4+5+6=211+2+3+4+5+6 = 2121/21=6/2121/21 = 6/21
12+3+4+5+6=202+3+4+5+6 = 2020/21=5/2120/21 = 5/21
23+4+5+6=183+4+5+6 = 1818/21=4/2118/21 = 4/21
34+5+6=154+5+6 = 1515/21=3/2115/21 = 3/21
45+6=115+6 = 1111/21=2/2111/21 = 2/21
5666/21=1/216/21 = 1/21

Verifikasi: 6+5+4+3+2+1=216+5+4+3+2+1 = 21

Langkah 2: Hitung E[Y]E[Y]

E[Y]=0621+1521+2421+3321+4221+5121E[Y] = 0 \cdot \frac{6}{21} + 1 \cdot \frac{5}{21} + 2 \cdot \frac{4}{21} + 3 \cdot \frac{3}{21} + 4 \cdot \frac{2}{21} + 5 \cdot \frac{1}{21} =0+5+8+9+8+521=3521=531,667= \frac{0 + 5 + 8 + 9 + 8 + 5}{21} = \frac{35}{21} = \frac{5}{3} \approx 1{,}667

Langkah 3: Hitung E[Y2]E[Y^2]

E[Y2]=0621+1521+4421+9321+16221+25121E[Y^2] = 0 \cdot \frac{6}{21} + 1 \cdot \frac{5}{21} + 4 \cdot \frac{4}{21} + 9 \cdot \frac{3}{21} + 16 \cdot \frac{2}{21} + 25 \cdot \frac{1}{21} =0+5+16+27+32+2521=10521=5= \frac{0 + 5 + 16 + 27 + 32 + 25}{21} = \frac{105}{21} = 5

Langkah 4: Hitung Var(Y)\text{Var}(Y)

Var(Y)=E[Y2](E[Y])2=5(53)2=5259=45259=2092,22\text{Var}(Y) = E[Y^2] - (E[Y])^2 = 5 - \left(\frac{5}{3}\right)^2 = 5 - \frac{25}{9} = \frac{45 - 25}{9} = \frac{20}{9} \approx 2{,}22

Hasil Akhir: (B). 2,222{,}22

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Salah menentukan batas sumasi marginal: untuk pY(y)p_Y(y), xx berjalan dari yy sampai 5 (bukan dari 0 sampai 5).
  • Menggunakan nilai-nilai yang salah dalam tabel marginal — verifikasi selalu bahwa total =1= 1.
Red Flags
  • Perhatikan support: "y=0,1,,xy = 0, 1, \ldots, x" berarti yxy \leq x, sehingga untuk pY(y)p_Y(y) kita menjumlahkan xx dari yy ke 5.
  • (E[Y])2E[Y2](E[Y])^2 \neq E[Y^2] — jangan lupa kuadratkan E[Y]E[Y] sebelum mengurangkan.

No. 293

A company provides disability benefits to its employees. There are only two possible benefits: partial disability, costing the company 40, and total disability, costing the company 200. The company employs a number of married couples.

Let (X,Y)(X, Y) denote the company’s disability costs for a randomly selected employed married couple. The joint probability function for (X,Y)(X, Y) is:

p(x,y)p(x, y)x=0x = 0x=40x = 40x=200x = 200
y=0y = 00.97290.01000.0020
y=40y = 400.01000.00200.0005
y=200y = 2000.00200.00050.0001

Calculate the standard deviation of the total disability cost X+YX + Y for the married couple.

(A) 12.3
(B) 13.8
(C) 15.7
(D) 16.6
(E) 19.8

Jawaban No. 293

(D). 16,616{,}6

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 3 — Variabel Acak Multivariat
Sub-topik3.1 Distribusi Gabungan (Joint Distribution)
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit, 3.2 Distribusi Marginal
Connected Topics3.6 Matriks Variansi-Kovariansi
ReferensiMiller Bab 5; Hogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 4
Rumus

Untuk W=X+YW = X + Y, bentuk distribusi WW langsung, lalu:

Var(W)=E[W2](E[W])2,SD(W)=Var(W)\text{Var}(W) = E[W^2] - (E[W])^2, \quad \text{SD}(W) = \sqrt{\text{Var}(W)}

Diketahui:

  • Joint PMF (X,Y)(X, Y) diberikan dalam tabel di atas (diskrit)

  • W=X+YW = X + Y (total biaya)

  • Target: SD(W)\text{SD}(W)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Tentukan distribusi W=X+YW = X + Y

Himpunkan semua pasangan (x,y)(x, y) yang menghasilkan nilai ww yang sama:

wwPasangan (x,y)(x,y)p(w)p(w)
0(0,0)(0,0)0.9729
40(0,40),(40,0)(0,40), (40,0)0,0100+0,0100=0,02000{,}0100 + 0{,}0100 = 0{,}0200
80(40,40)(40,40)0.0020
200(0,200),(200,0)(0,200), (200,0)0,0020+0,0020=0,00400{,}0020 + 0{,}0020 = 0{,}0040
240(40,200),(200,40)(40,200), (200,40)0,0005+0,0005=0,00100{,}0005 + 0{,}0005 = 0{,}0010
400(200,200)(200,200)0.0001

Langkah 2: Hitung E[W]E[W]

E[W]=0(0,9729)+40(0,0200)+80(0,0020)+200(0,0040)+240(0,0010)+400(0,0001)E[W] = 0(0{,}9729) + 40(0{,}0200) + 80(0{,}0020) + 200(0{,}0040) + 240(0{,}0010) + 400(0{,}0001) =0+0,80+0,16+0,80+0,24+0,04=2,04= 0 + 0{,}80 + 0{,}16 + 0{,}80 + 0{,}24 + 0{,}04 = 2{,}04

Langkah 3: Hitung E[W2]E[W^2]

E[W2]=02(0,9729)+402(0,0200)+802(0,0020)+2002(0,0040)+2402(0,0010)+4002(0,0001)E[W^2] = 0^2(0{,}9729) + 40^2(0{,}0200) + 80^2(0{,}0020) + 200^2(0{,}0040) + 240^2(0{,}0010) + 400^2(0{,}0001) =0+32+12,8+160+57,6+16=278,4= 0 + 32 + 12{,}8 + 160 + 57{,}6 + 16 = 278{,}4

Langkah 4: Hitung Var(W)\text{Var}(W) dan SD(W)\text{SD}(W)

Var(W)=E[W2](E[W])2=278,4(2,04)2=278,44,1616=274,24\text{Var}(W) = E[W^2] - (E[W])^2 = 278{,}4 - (2{,}04)^2 = 278{,}4 - 4{,}1616 = 274{,}24 SD(W)=274,2416,56\text{SD}(W) = \sqrt{274{,}24} \approx 16{,}56

Hasil Akhir: (D). 16,616{,}6

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Lupa menggabungkan pasangan yang memberikan WW yang sama — misalnya W=40W = 40 bisa dari (0,40)(0,40) maupun (40,0)(40,0).
  • Menggunakan Var(W)=Var(X)+Var(Y)+2Cov(X,Y)\text{Var}(W) = \text{Var}(X) + \text{Var}(Y) + 2\text{Cov}(X,Y) dan salah menghitung Cov\text{Cov} — lebih mudah langsung dari distribusi WW.
Red Flags
  • Pastikan jumlah seluruh p(w)=1p(w) = 1 sebelum menghitung momen.
  • W=80W = 80 berasal dari (40,40)(40, 40), bukan (0,80)(0, 80) — nilai YY hanya bisa 0, 40, atau 200.

No. 294

The probability that the economy will improve, remain stable, or decline is:

State of the EconomyProbability
Improve0.30
Remain stable0.50
Decline0.20

Prices for Stock XX and Stock YY will change as follows:

State of the EconomyStock XXStock YY
ImproveIncrease 18%Increase 15%
Remain stableIncrease 8%Increase 7%
DeclineDecrease 13%Decrease 6%

Determine which of the following statements about the percentage price changes for Stock XX and Stock YY is true.

(A) The percentage change for Stock XX has a larger variance and a larger mean.
(B) The percentage change for Stock XX has a larger variance and the means are equal.
(C) The percentage change for Stock XX has a larger variance and a smaller mean.
(D) The variances are equal and the percentage change for Stock XX has a larger mean.
(E) Both the variances and the means are equal.

Jawaban No. 294

(B). Variansi XX lebih besar, mean sama

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit
DifficultyEasy
Prerequisite1.2 Aksioma dan Perhitungan Probabilitas
Connected Topics3.5 Independensi dan Korelasi
ReferensiMiller Bab 3; Hogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2
Rumus
E[X]=ixipi,Var(X)=i(xiμ)2pi=E[X2](E[X])2E[X] = \sum_i x_i p_i, \quad \text{Var}(X) = \sum_i (x_i - \mu)^2 p_i = E[X^2] - (E[X])^2

Diketahui:

  • Tiga skenario dengan probabilitas 0,30 / 0,50 / 0,20

  • X{18%,8%,13%}X \in \{18\%, 8\%, -13\%\}, Y{15%,7%,6%}Y \in \{15\%, 7\%, -6\%\} (perubahan harga saham)

  • Target: Bandingkan E[X]E[X] vs E[Y]E[Y] dan Var(X)\text{Var}(X) vs Var(Y)\text{Var}(Y)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung E[X]E[X] dan E[Y]E[Y]

E[X]=0,30(0,18)+0,50(0,08)+0,20(0,13)=0,054+0,0400,026=0,068E[X] = 0{,}30(0{,}18) + 0{,}50(0{,}08) + 0{,}20(-0{,}13) = 0{,}054 + 0{,}040 - 0{,}026 = 0{,}068 E[Y]=0,30(0,15)+0,50(0,07)+0,20(0,06)=0,045+0,0350,012=0,068E[Y] = 0{,}30(0{,}15) + 0{,}50(0{,}07) + 0{,}20(-0{,}06) = 0{,}045 + 0{,}035 - 0{,}012 = 0{,}068

Mean XX = Mean YY = 0,0680{,}068

Langkah 2: Hitung Var(X)\text{Var}(X)

Var(X)=0,30(0,180,068)2+0,50(0,080,068)2+0,20(0,130,068)2\text{Var}(X) = 0{,}30(0{,}18 - 0{,}068)^2 + 0{,}50(0{,}08 - 0{,}068)^2 + 0{,}20(-0{,}13 - 0{,}068)^2 =0,30(0,112)2+0,50(0,012)2+0,20(0,198)2= 0{,}30(0{,}112)^2 + 0{,}50(0{,}012)^2 + 0{,}20(-0{,}198)^2 =0,30(0,012544)+0,50(0,000144)+0,20(0,039204)= 0{,}30(0{,}012544) + 0{,}50(0{,}000144) + 0{,}20(0{,}039204) =0,003763+0,000072+0,007841=0,01168= 0{,}003763 + 0{,}000072 + 0{,}007841 = 0{,}01168

Langkah 3: Hitung Var(Y)\text{Var}(Y)

Var(Y)=0,30(0,150,068)2+0,50(0,070,068)2+0,20(0,060,068)2\text{Var}(Y) = 0{,}30(0{,}15 - 0{,}068)^2 + 0{,}50(0{,}07 - 0{,}068)^2 + 0{,}20(-0{,}06 - 0{,}068)^2 =0,30(0,082)2+0,50(0,002)2+0,20(0,128)2= 0{,}30(0{,}082)^2 + 0{,}50(0{,}002)^2 + 0{,}20(-0{,}128)^2 =0,30(0,006724)+0,50(0,000004)+0,20(0,016384)= 0{,}30(0{,}006724) + 0{,}50(0{,}000004) + 0{,}20(0{,}016384) =0,002017+0,000002+0,003277=0,0052960,00529= 0{,}002017 + 0{,}000002 + 0{,}003277 = 0{,}005296 \approx 0{,}00529

Langkah 4: Bandingkan

Var(X)=0,01168>Var(Y)=0,00529\text{Var}(X) = 0{,}01168 > \text{Var}(Y) = 0{,}00529, dan E[X]=E[Y]=0,068E[X] = E[Y] = 0{,}068.

Hasil Akhir: (B). Variansi XX lebih besar, means sama.

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira karena persentase XX selalu lebih besar dari YY (18>15, 8>7) maka mean XX lebih besar — padahal penurunan XX lebih besar juga (13-13 vs 6-6), sehingga mean ternyata sama.
  • Hanya membandingkan arah dan besaran perubahan tanpa menghitung momen secara formal.
Red Flags
  • “Determine which statement is true” → hitung keduanya secara eksak, jangan tebak.
  • Mean bisa sama meskipun distribusi berbeda.

No. 295

A company is marketing an investment opportunity to four potential customers. The company believes that its probability of making a sale is 0.5 for each of the first three customers but that it is only 0.1 for the fourth customer. The customers’ purchases are independent of one another.

Calculate the probability that at most two customers purchase the investment.

(A) 0.38
(B) 0.46
(C) 0.54
(D) 0.84
(E) 0.90

Jawaban No. 295

(D). 0,840{,}84

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 1 — Dasar-Dasar Probabilitas
Sub-topik1.3 Metode Enumerasi
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite1.5 Kejadian Independen, 2.5 Distribusi Diskrit Umum
Connected Topics1.2 Aksioma dan Perhitungan Probabilitas
ReferensiMiller Bab 3; Hogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 1
Rumus

Karena probabilitas tidak identik, gunakan pendekatan komplementer:

P(at most 2)=1P(exactly 3)P(exactly 4)P(\text{at most 2}) = 1 - P(\text{exactly 3}) - P(\text{exactly 4})

Diketahui:

  • p1=p2=p3=0,5p_1 = p_2 = p_3 = 0{,}5, p4=0,1p_4 = 0{,}1 (semua independen)

  • Target: P(jumlah pembelian2)P(\text{jumlah pembelian} \leq 2)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung P(tepat 4 beli)P(\text{tepat 4 beli})

P(4 beli)=0,5×0,5×0,5×0,1=0,0125P(\text{4 beli}) = 0{,}5 \times 0{,}5 \times 0{,}5 \times 0{,}1 = 0{,}0125

Langkah 2: Hitung P(tepat 3 beli)P(\text{tepat 3 beli})

Ada 4 sub-kasus (salah satu dari empat pelanggan tidak membeli):

  • Pelanggan 4 tidak beli (1, 2, 3 beli): 0,53×0,9=0,125×0,9=0,11250{,}5^3 \times 0{,}9 = 0{,}125 \times 0{,}9 = 0{,}1125
  • Pelanggan 3 tidak beli (1, 2, 4 beli): 0,52×0,5×0,1=0,25×0,05=0,01250{,}5^2 \times 0{,}5 \times 0{,}1 = 0{,}25 \times 0{,}05 = 0{,}0125
  • Pelanggan 2 tidak beli (1, 3, 4 beli): 0,52×0,1=0,01250{,}5^2 \times 0{,}1 = 0{,}0125
  • Pelanggan 1 tidak beli (2, 3, 4 beli): 0,52×0,1=0,01250{,}5^2 \times 0{,}1 = 0{,}0125
P(3 beli)=0,1125+0,0125+0,0125+0,0125=0,1500P(\text{3 beli}) = 0{,}1125 + 0{,}0125 + 0{,}0125 + 0{,}0125 = 0{,}1500

Langkah 3: Hitung P(at most 2)P(\text{at most 2})

P(at most 2)=10,15000,0125=0,8375P(\text{at most 2}) = 1 - 0{,}1500 - 0{,}0125 = 0{,}8375

Hasil Akhir: (D). 0,840{,}84

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan distribusi Binomial standar — tidak bisa karena p4p1,2,3p_4 \neq p_{1,2,3}.
  • Lupa bahwa P(pelanggan ke-4 tidak beli)=10,1=0,9P(\text{pelanggan ke-4 tidak beli}) = 1 - 0{,}1 = 0{,}9.
Red Flags
  • Ketika probabilitas tidak identik → enumerasi per kasus, bukan Binomial.
  • Pendekatan komplementer sering lebih efisien untuk “at most kk” ketika kk dekat dengan total.

No. 296

An actuary compiles the following information about a portfolio of life insurance policies:

(i) There are 150 more policies on males than there are on females. (ii) There are 100 more policies on female nonsmokers than there are on male nonsmokers. (iii) There are 350 policies on smokers.

Calculate the number of policies on female smokers within this portfolio.

(A) 50
(B) 100
(C) 200
(D) 250
(E) 300

Jawaban No. 296

(A). 5050

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 1 — Dasar-Dasar Probabilitas
Sub-topik1.2 Aksioma dan Perhitungan Probabilitas
DifficultyEasy
Prerequisite1.3 Metode Enumerasi
Connected Topics1.1 Eksperimen Acak dan Ruang Sampel
ReferensiMiller Bab 1–2
Rumus

Sistem persamaan linear dari kondisi yang diberikan. Misalkan:

  • xx = jumlah polis laki-laki bukan perokok
  • yy = jumlah polis perempuan perokok (yang dicari)

Diketahui:

  • (i) Total laki-laki = Total perempuan + 150

  • (ii) Perempuan bukan perokok = Laki-laki bukan perokok + 100

  • (iii) Total perokok = 350

  • Target: yy = jumlah polis perempuan perokok

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Definisikan variabel

Misalkan:

  • xx = jumlah polis laki-laki bukan perokok
  • yy = jumlah polis perempuan perokok

Dari kondisi (ii): Perempuan bukan perokok =x+100= x + 100

Total perempuan =(x+100)+y= (x + 100) + y

Dari kondisi (iii): Perokok laki-laki =350y= 350 - y

Total laki-laki =x+(350y)= x + (350 - y)

Langkah 2: Terapkan kondisi (i)

Total laki-laki=Total perempuan+150\text{Total laki-laki} = \text{Total perempuan} + 150 x+(350y)=(x+100+y)+150x + (350 - y) = (x + 100 + y) + 150 350y=100+y+150350 - y = 100 + y + 150 350y=250+y350 - y = 250 + y 100=2y    y=50100 = 2y \implies y = 50

Hasil Akhir: (A). 5050

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mencoba menyelesaikan dengan lebih dari satu variabel tanpa mengeleminasi — sistem ini cukup diselesaikan dengan dua variabel (xx dan yy).
  • Salah menginterpretasikan “150 more policies on males than females” sebagai perbandingan perokok saja.
Red Flags
  • Soal counting/aljabar: definisikan variabel dengan jelas, buat persamaan dari tiap kondisi, lalu selesaikan.

No. 297

The lifetime of a machine part has a continuous distribution on the interval (0,40)(0, 40) with probability density function ff, where f(x)f(x) is proportional to (10+x)2(10 + x)^{-2}.

Calculate the probability that the lifetime of the machine part is less than five.

(A) 0.03
(B) 0.13
(C) 0.42
(D) 0.58
(E) 0.97

Jawaban No. 297

(C). 0,420{,}42

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.2 Variabel Acak Kontinu
DifficultyEasy
Prerequisite1.2 Aksioma dan Perhitungan Probabilitas
Connected Topics2.4 Transformasi Variabel Acak Univariat
ReferensiMiller Bab 4; Hogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 2
Rumus

Tentukan konstanta normalisasi CC dari 040f(x)dx=1\int_0^{40} f(x)\,dx = 1, lalu hitung P(X<5)P(X < 5).

(10+x)2dx=(10+x)1+K\int (10 + x)^{-2}\,dx = -(10 + x)^{-1} + K

Diketahui:

  • f(x)=C(10+x)2f(x) = C(10 + x)^{-2} untuk 0<x<400 < x < 40 (kontinu)

  • Target: P(X<5)P(X < 5)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Tentukan konstanta CC

040C(10+x)2dx=C[(10+x)1]040\int_0^{40} C(10+x)^{-2}\,dx = C\left[-(10+x)^{-1}\right]_0^{40} =C(150+110)=C(110150)=C450=C12,5= C\left(-\frac{1}{50} + \frac{1}{10}\right) = C\left(\frac{1}{10} - \frac{1}{50}\right) = C \cdot \frac{4}{50} = \frac{C}{12{,}5}

Agar =1= 1: C=12,5=252C = 12{,}5 = \dfrac{25}{2}

Langkah 2: Hitung P(X<5)P(X < 5)

P(X<5)=0512,5(10+x)2dx=12,5[(10+x)1]05P(X < 5) = \int_0^5 12{,}5 (10+x)^{-2}\,dx = 12{,}5 \left[-(10+x)^{-1}\right]_0^5 =12,5(115+110)=12,5×130=12,530=5120,4167= 12{,}5 \left(-\frac{1}{15} + \frac{1}{10}\right) = 12{,}5 \times \frac{1}{30} = \frac{12{,}5}{30} = \frac{5}{12} \approx 0{,}4167

Hasil Akhir: (C). 0,420{,}42

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Lupa menentukan CC terlebih dahulu — PDF harus dinormalisasi.
  • Salah menghitung anti-turunan: (10+x)2dx=(10+x)1\int (10+x)^{-2}\,dx = -(10+x)^{-1}, bukan (10+x)11\frac{(10+x)^{-1}}{-1} dengan tanda yang salah.
Red Flags
  • “Proportional to” → selalu tentukan konstanta normalisasi CC sebelum menghitung probabilitas.
  • Evaluasi pada batas: ingat substitusi x=0x=0 memberi 101=0,110^{-1} = 0{,}1, bukan 0.

No. 298

The claim, XX, for a dental insurance policy is a random variable with the following probability function:

xxP[X=x]P[X = x]
00.5
10.2
20.3

The premium for the policy is equal to 125% of the expected claim amount.

Calculate the approximate probability that the total claims on 76 independent policies exceed the total premium collected.

(A) 0.02
(B) 0.07
(C) 0.17
(D) 0.25
(E) 0.40

Jawaban No. 298

(A). 0,020{,}02

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 4 — Statistika Matematika
Sub-topik4.3 Teorema Limit Pusat (CLT)
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite2.1 Variabel Acak Diskrit, 4.2 Distribusi Sampel
Connected Topics4.4 Hukum Bilangan Besar (LLN)
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 5; Miller Bab 7
Rumus

Jika Y=X1++X76Y = X_1 + \cdots + X_{76} (total klaim), dengan CLT:

YapproxN ⁣(76E[X],  76Var(X))Y \overset{\text{approx}}{\sim} N\!\left(76\,E[X],\; 76\,\text{Var}(X)\right)

Diketahui:

  • X{0,1,2}X \in \{0, 1, 2\} dengan probabilitas 0,50{,}5, 0,20{,}2, 0,30{,}3

  • Premi per polis =1,25×E[X]= 1{,}25 \times E[X]; total premi =76×1,25×E[X]= 76 \times 1{,}25 \times E[X]

  • Target: P(Y>total premi)P(Y > \text{total premi})

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung E[X]E[X] dan Var(X)\text{Var}(X)

E[X]=0(0,5)+1(0,2)+2(0,3)=0+0,2+0,6=0,8E[X] = 0(0{,}5) + 1(0{,}2) + 2(0{,}3) = 0 + 0{,}2 + 0{,}6 = 0{,}8 E[X2]=02(0,5)+12(0,2)+22(0,3)=0+0,2+1,2=1,4E[X^2] = 0^2(0{,}5) + 1^2(0{,}2) + 2^2(0{,}3) = 0 + 0{,}2 + 1{,}2 = 1{,}4 Var(X)=1,4(0,8)2=1,40,64=0,76\text{Var}(X) = 1{,}4 - (0{,}8)^2 = 1{,}4 - 0{,}64 = 0{,}76

Langkah 2: Hitung total premi

Premi per polis =1,25×0,8=1,00= 1{,}25 \times 0{,}8 = 1{,}00

Total premi dari 76 polis =76×1,00=76= 76 \times 1{,}00 = 76

Langkah 3: Tentukan distribusi Y=i=176XiY = \sum_{i=1}^{76} X_i

E[Y]=76×0,8=60,8,Var(Y)=76×0,76=57,76E[Y] = 76 \times 0{,}8 = 60{,}8, \quad \text{Var}(Y) = 76 \times 0{,}76 = 57{,}76 SD(Y)=57,767,60\text{SD}(Y) = \sqrt{57{,}76} \approx 7{,}60

Langkah 4: Standarisasi

P(Y>76)P ⁣(Z>7660,87,60)=P ⁣(Z>15,27,60)=P(Z>2,00)P(Y > 76) \approx P\!\left(Z > \frac{76 - 60{,}8}{7{,}60}\right) = P\!\left(Z > \frac{15{,}2}{7{,}60}\right) = P(Z > 2{,}00) =1Φ(2,00)=10,9772=0,0228= 1 - \Phi(2{,}00) = 1 - 0{,}9772 = 0{,}0228

Hasil Akhir: (A). 0,020{,}02

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menghitung premi sebagai 1,25×0,8×76=761{,}25 \times 0{,}8 \times 76 = 76 sudah benar, tetapi beberapa salah mengira total premi adalah 1,25×76=951{,}25 \times 76 = 95.
  • Salah menghitung Var(X)\text{Var}(X): E[X2]=1,4E[X^2] = 1{,}4, bukan (E[X])2=0,64(E[X])^2 = 0{,}64.
Red Flags
  • “Total claims exceed total premium” → bandingkan YY (total klaim) dengan nilai total premi (bukan per-polis).
  • P(Z>2)0,0228P(Z > 2) \approx 0{,}0228 — hafalkan nilai ini karena sering muncul.

No. 299

An insurance company categorizes its policyholders into three mutually exclusive groups. A study produced the following information:

GroupNumber of policyholdersProbability a policyholder has no claims
A20,00070%
B45,00090%
C35,00050%

Within each group, the numbers of claims made by individual policyholders are mutually independent Poisson random variables.

Calculate the expected total number of claims, in thousands, made by the 100,000 policyholders.

(A) 21
(B) 28
(C) 36
(D) 64
(E) 72

Jawaban No. 299

(C). 3636

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.5 Distribusi Diskrit Umum
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite1.6 Teorema Bayes dan Hukum Probabilitas Total
Connected Topics3.7 Distribusi Majemuk (Compound Distribution)
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 3; Miller Bab 5
Rumus

Jika NPoisson(λ)N \sim \text{Poisson}(\lambda), maka P(N=0)=eλP(N = 0) = e^{-\lambda}.

Dari P(N=0)=p0P(N = 0) = p_0λ=ln(p0)\lambda = -\ln(p_0).

Total klaim yang diharapkan:

E[total klaim]=grupngrup×λgrupE[\text{total klaim}] = \sum_{\text{grup}} n_{\text{grup}} \times \lambda_{\text{grup}}

Diketahui:

  • Grup A: nA=20.000n_A = 20{.}000, P(NA=0)=0,70P(N_A = 0) = 0{,}70

  • Grup B: nB=45.000n_B = 45{.}000, P(NB=0)=0,90P(N_B = 0) = 0{,}90

  • Grup C: nC=35.000n_C = 35{.}000, P(NC=0)=0,50P(N_C = 0) = 0{,}50

  • Target: Total ekspektasi klaim (dalam ribuan)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Tentukan λ\lambda tiap grup dari P(N=0)P(N = 0)

Grup A:

eλA=0,70    λA=ln(0,70)0,3567e^{-\lambda_A} = 0{,}70 \implies \lambda_A = -\ln(0{,}70) \approx 0{,}3567

Grup B:

eλB=0,90    λB=ln(0,90)0,1054e^{-\lambda_B} = 0{,}90 \implies \lambda_B = -\ln(0{,}90) \approx 0{,}1054

Grup C:

eλC=0,50    λC=ln(0,50)=ln20,6931e^{-\lambda_C} = 0{,}50 \implies \lambda_C = -\ln(0{,}50) = \ln 2 \approx 0{,}6931

Langkah 2: Hitung ekspektasi total klaim tiap grup

Grup A: 20.000×0,3567=7.13420{.}000 \times 0{,}3567 = 7{.}134

Grup B: 45.000×0,1054=4.74345{.}000 \times 0{,}1054 = 4{.}743

Grup C: 35.000×0,6931=24.25935{.}000 \times 0{,}6931 = 24{.}259

Langkah 3: Jumlahkan

Total=7.134+4.743+24.259=36.13636 ribu\text{Total} = 7{.}134 + 4{.}743 + 24{.}259 = 36{.}136 \approx 36 \text{ ribu}

Hasil Akhir: (C). 3636 (ribu)

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira λ=P(N=0)\lambda = P(N = 0) secara langsung — padahal harus menginversi eλ=P(N=0)e^{-\lambda} = P(N=0).
  • Lupa mengalikan λ\lambda dengan jumlah pemegang polis tiap grup.
Red Flags
  • Jika Poisson dan “no claims” diberikan → gunakan λ=ln(P(N=0))\lambda = -\ln(P(N=0)).
  • Hasil dalam “ribuan” — pastikan tidak mengubah satuan secara tidak konsisten.

No. 300

A group of insurance policies have all been in force for at least three years. The insurance company plans to pay a dividend on each policy in the group that had no more than one claim incurred on it in the past three years. The number of claims incurred on a policy in any year follows a Poisson distribution with mean 0.288 and the number incurred in any year is independent of the number incurred in any other year.

Calculate the probability that a policy chosen at random from the group will receive a dividend.

(A) 0.01
(B) 0.36
(C) 0.42
(D) 0.54
(E) 0.79

Jawaban No. 300

(E). 0,790{,}79

FieldIsi
Topik CF2Topik 2 — Variabel Acak Univariat
Sub-topik2.5 Distribusi Diskrit Umum
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite1.5 Kejadian Independen
Connected Topics4.1 Penarikan Sampel Acak
ReferensiHogg-Tanis-Zimm Bab 3; Miller Bab 5
Rumus

Sifat aditif Poisson: Jika N1,N2,N3i.i.d.Poisson(λ)N_1, N_2, N_3 \overset{i.i.d.}{\sim} \text{Poisson}(\lambda) dan independen, maka:

Ntotal=N1+N2+N3Poisson(3λ)N_{\text{total}} = N_1 + N_2 + N_3 \sim \text{Poisson}(3\lambda) P(N=k)=eμμkk!P(N = k) = \frac{e^{-\mu} \mu^k}{k!}

Diketahui:

  • NjPoisson(0,288)N_j \sim \text{Poisson}(0{,}288) untuk tahun j=1,2,3j = 1, 2, 3; independen

  • Dividen diberikan jika total klaim dalam 3 tahun 1\leq 1

  • Target: P(Ntotal1)P(N_{\text{total}} \leq 1)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Tentukan distribusi NtotalN_{\text{total}}

Ntotal=N1+N2+N3Poisson(3×0,288)=Poisson(0,864)N_{\text{total}} = N_1 + N_2 + N_3 \sim \text{Poisson}(3 \times 0{,}288) = \text{Poisson}(0{,}864)

Langkah 2: Hitung P(Ntotal=0)P(N_{\text{total}} = 0) dan P(Ntotal=1)P(N_{\text{total}} = 1)

P(Ntotal=0)=e0,864(0,864)00!=e0,8640,4214P(N_{\text{total}} = 0) = \frac{e^{-0{,}864} \cdot (0{,}864)^0}{0!} = e^{-0{,}864} \approx 0{,}4214 P(Ntotal=1)=e0,864(0,864)11!=0,864×e0,8640,864×0,42140,3641P(N_{\text{total}} = 1) = \frac{e^{-0{,}864} \cdot (0{,}864)^1}{1!} = 0{,}864 \times e^{-0{,}864} \approx 0{,}864 \times 0{,}4214 \approx 0{,}3641

Langkah 3: Jumlahkan

P(Ntotal1)=0,4214+0,3641=0,78550,79P(N_{\text{total}} \leq 1) = 0{,}4214 + 0{,}3641 = 0{,}7855 \approx 0{,}79

Hasil Akhir: (E). 0,790{,}79

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan λ=0,288\lambda = 0{,}288 (satu tahun) tanpa mengalikannya dengan 3 — padahal kita melihat total klaim selama 3 tahun.
  • Mengira harus menghitung P(masing-masing tahun1)3P(\text{masing-masing tahun} \leq 1)^3 — ini salah karena soal menanyakan total keseluruhan 1\leq 1, bukan per tahun.
Red Flags
  • “Three independent years” + Poisson → gunakan sifat aditif: λtotal=3λ\lambda_{\text{total}} = 3\lambda.
  • “No more than one claim in 3 years” = P(Ntotal1)P(N_{\text{total}} \leq 1) — bukan per tahun.