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CF1 · Materi

Asm Fm Practice Exam 2

No. 1

On November 1, 2006, Abby invests $1,000 in an account earning 10% simple annual interest. On the same day, Ben invests $1,000 at a nominal annual interest rate of XX, convertible monthly. On September 1, 2010, the accumulated values of Abby’s and Ben’s investments are equal. Calculate XX.

(A) 8.48%
(B) 8.50%
(C) 8.52%
(D) 8.54%
(E) 8.56%

Jawaban No. 1

(B). X=8.50%X = 8.50\%

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 1 — Nilai Waktu dari Uang
Sub-topik1.1 Interest Rates and Discount Rates · 1.2 Effective, Nominal, and Force of Interest
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite1.1 Interest Rates and Discount Rates
Connected Topics1.4 Accumulation and Present Value
ReferensiVaaler Bab 1–2; Kellison Bab 1–2
Rumus

Simple interest accumulation: A(t)=P(1+it)A(t) = P(1 + it)

Compound nominal interest accumulation: A(t)=P(1+i(m)m)mtA(t) = P\left(1 + \frac{i^{(m)}}{m}\right)^{mt}

Diketahui:

  • P=1,000P = 1{,}000 (investasi awal kedua pihak)

  • Abby: simple interest rate =10%=0.10= 10\% = 0.10 per tahun

  • Ben: nominal rate =X= X, convertible monthly (m=12m = 12)

  • Periode: 1 November 2006 → 1 September 2010 =46= 46 bulan =4612= \frac{46}{12} tahun

  • Target: nilai XX agar AV Abby = AV Ben

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung Periode dalam Tahun Dari 1 November 2006 ke 1 September 2010:

  • Nov 2006 → Nov 2010 = 4 tahun = 48 bulan
  • Mundur 2 bulan (karena berhenti di Sep bukan Nov) → 46 bulan t=4612 tahunt = \frac{46}{12} \text{ tahun}

Langkah 2: Akumulasi Investasi Abby (Simple Interest) AAbby(46)=1000(1+4612(0.10))=1000(1+46120.10)A_{Abby}(46) = 1000\left(1 + \frac{46}{12}(0.10)\right) = 1000\left(1 + \frac{46}{12} \cdot 0.10\right) =1000(1+4.612)=1000(1+0.383)=1383.3= 1000\left(1 + \frac{4.6}{12}\right) = 1000\left(1 + 0.38\overline{3}\right) = 1383.\overline{3}

Langkah 3: Akumulasi Investasi Ben (Compound Nominal Monthly) ABen(46)=1000(1+X12)46A_{Ben}(46) = 1000\left(1 + \frac{X}{12}\right)^{46}

Langkah 4: Samakan dan Selesaikan untuk XX 1000(1+4612(0.10))=1000(1+X12)461000\left(1 + \frac{46}{12}(0.10)\right) = 1000\left(1 + \frac{X}{12}\right)^{46} 1+46120=(1+X12)461 + \frac{46}{120} = \left(1 + \frac{X}{12}\right)^{46} (1+X12)46=1.383\left(1 + \frac{X}{12}\right)^{46} = 1.38\overline{3} 1+X12=(1.383)1/46=1.0070791 + \frac{X}{12} = (1.38\overline{3})^{1/46} = 1.007079 X12=0.007079    X=12×0.007079=0.084958.50%\frac{X}{12} = 0.007079 \implies X = 12 \times 0.007079 = 0.08495 \approx 8.50\%

Hasil Akhir: (B). X=8.50%X = 8.50\%

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Unit Waktu
  • Menghitung periode sebagai 4 tahun penuh (48 bulan) — periode sebenarnya adalah 46 bulan karena investasi berakhir di September, bukan November.
  • Menggunakan t=46t = 46 (bulan) langsung sebagai eksponent alih-alih t=46t = 46 sebagai jumlah period bulanan.
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan formula compound interest untuk Abby — soal menyatakan simple annual interest, bukan compound.
  • Salah membaca: simple interest accumulation adalah 1+it1 + it (linear), bukan (1+i)t(1+i)^t (eksponensial).
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Mengira “convertible monthly” berarti m=4m = 4 (quarterly) — convertible monthly berarti m=12m = 12.
Red Flags
  • Jika soal menyebut simple interest → gunakan A(t)=P(1+it)A(t) = P(1+it), BUKAN (1+i)t(1+i)^t.
  • Jika ada dua tanggal → hitung selisih hari/bulan dengan teliti sebelum mulai kalkulasi.

No. 2

You have the following choice in buying a product:

Option A: You can pay 20% below the current retail price now.

Option B: You can pay xx% below the current retail price two years from now.

Given an annual nominal interest rate of 8% convertible quarterly, calculate the value of xx for which you are indifferent between these two options.

(A) 3.9
(B) 4.8
(C) 5.5
(D) 6.3
(E) 7.7

Jawaban No. 2

(D). x=6.3x = 6.3

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 1 — Nilai Waktu dari Uang
Sub-topik1.4 Accumulation and Present Value · 1.2 Effective, Nominal, and Force of Interest
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite1.2 Effective, Nominal, and Force of Interest
Connected Topics1.3 Cash Flow Equations and Inflation
ReferensiVaaler Bab 1–2; Kellison Bab 1
Rumus

PV dari pembayaran masa depan: PV=FVvndi mana v=11+iPV = FV \cdot v^n \quad \text{di mana } v = \frac{1}{1+i}

Konversi nominal quarterly ke efektif tahunan: i=(1+i(4)4)41i = \left(1 + \frac{i^{(4)}}{4}\right)^4 - 1

Diketahui:

  • PP = harga retail saat ini

  • Option A: bayar 0.80P0.80P sekarang

  • Option B: bayar (1x100)P\left(1 - \frac{x}{100}\right)P dua tahun dari sekarang

  • i(4)=8%i^{(4)} = 8\% per tahun, convertible quarterly

  • Target: xx agar indifferent (PV Option A = PV Option B)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Konversi Rate ke Efektif Kuartalan
Rate per kuartal =8%4=2%= \frac{8\%}{4} = 2\%. Untuk 2 tahun (8 kuartal): v8=(1.02)8v^8 = (1.02)^{-8}

Langkah 2: Set Up Kondisi Indifferent
Indifferent artinya PV kedua opsi sama. Biarkan PP = harga retail:

PVA=(10.20)P=0.80PPV_A = (1 - 0.20)P = 0.80P PVB=(1x100)Pv0.028PV_B = \left(1 - \frac{x}{100}\right)P \cdot v^8_{0.02}

Langkah 3: Samakan PV

0.80P=(1x100)P(1.02)80.80P = \left(1 - \frac{x}{100}\right)P \cdot (1.02)^{-8} 0.80=(1x100)(1.02)80.80 = \left(1 - \frac{x}{100}\right)(1.02)^{-8} 1x100=0.80(1.02)8=0.80×(1.02)81 - \frac{x}{100} = \frac{0.80}{(1.02)^{-8}} = 0.80 \times (1.02)^{8} =0.80×1.17166=0.93733= 0.80 \times 1.17166 = 0.93733 x100=10.93733=0.06267    x=6.2676.3\frac{x}{100} = 1 - 0.93733 = 0.06267 \implies x = 6.267 \approx 6.3

Hasil Akhir: (D). x=6.3x = 6.3

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Unit Waktu
  • Menggunakan efektif tahunan (1.02)4=1.0824(1.02)^4 = 1.0824 sebagai faktor untuk 2 tahun — harus (1.02)8(1.02)^8 (8 kuartal).
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan FV Option A sebagai basis perbandingan alih-alih PV — “indifferent” berarti PV setara, bukan FV.
  • Lupa bahwa Option B adalah pembayaran di masa depan, sehingga harus didiskon ke t=0t=0.
Red Flags
  • Jika soal menyebut “indifferent between two options” → set PV keduanya sama dan solve.
  • Jika ada nominal rate + jumlah tahun → pastikan eksponent mencerminkan jumlah period compounding, bukan jumlah tahun.

No. 3

You are given that the accumulation function for a certain investment is a(t)=1+.02t+.005t2a(t) = 1 + .02t + .005t^2, where tt is the time in years measured from January 1, 2020. An investment of 100 is made on January 1, 2022 and an investment of 200 is made on January 1, 2025. What is the accumulated value of the two investments on January 1, 2030?

(A) 329
(B) 352
(C) 393
(D) 438
(E) 462

Jawaban No. 3

(D). AV=437.93438AV = 437.93 \approx 438

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 1 — Nilai Waktu dari Uang
Sub-topik1.4 Accumulation and Present Value
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite1.1 Interest Rates and Discount Rates
Connected Topics1.3 Cash Flow Equations and Inflation
ReferensiVaaler Bab 1; Kellison Bab 1
Rumus

Akumulasi investasi menggunakan accumulation function: AV=Amount×a(tend)a(tstart)AV = \text{Amount} \times \frac{a(t_{\text{end}})}{a(t_{\text{start}})}

Di mana tt diukur dari titik referensi (January 1, 2020).

Diketahui:

  • a(t)=1+0.02t+0.005t2a(t) = 1 + 0.02t + 0.005t^2 (diukur dari 1 Jan 2020)

  • Investasi 1: 100100 pada t=2t=2 (Jan 2022)

  • Investasi 2: 200200 pada t=5t=5 (Jan 2025)

  • Target: AV total pada t=10t=10 (Jan 2030)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung Nilai a(t)a(t) yang Diperlukan

a(2)=1+0.02(2)+0.005(4)=1+0.04+0.02=1.06a(2) = 1 + 0.02(2) + 0.005(4) = 1 + 0.04 + 0.02 = 1.06 a(5)=1+0.02(5)+0.005(25)=1+0.10+0.125=1.225a(5) = 1 + 0.02(5) + 0.005(25) = 1 + 0.10 + 0.125 = 1.225 a(10)=1+0.02(10)+0.005(100)=1+0.20+0.50=1.70a(10) = 1 + 0.02(10) + 0.005(100) = 1 + 0.20 + 0.50 = 1.70

Langkah 2: Hitung AV Investasi 1 (100 pada t=2t=2)

AV1=100×a(10)a(2)=100×1.701.06=100×1.60377=160.377AV_1 = 100 \times \frac{a(10)}{a(2)} = 100 \times \frac{1.70}{1.06} = 100 \times 1.60377 = 160.377

Langkah 3: Hitung AV Investasi 2 (200 pada t=5t=5)

AV2=200×a(10)a(5)=200×1.701.225=200×1.38776=277.551AV_2 = 200 \times \frac{a(10)}{a(5)} = 200 \times \frac{1.70}{1.225} = 200 \times 1.38776 = 277.551

Langkah 4: Total AV

AV=AV1+AV2=160.377+277.551=437.93438AV = AV_1 + AV_2 = 160.377 + 277.551 = 437.93 \approx 438

Hasil Akhir: (D). AV=438AV = 438

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Unit Waktu
  • Menggunakan tt sebagai tahun sejak investasi, bukan sejak titik referensi (Jan 2020). Misal: untuk investasi di Jan 2022 sampai Jan 2030, salah jika menggunakan a(8)/a(0)a(8)/a(0) padahal yang benar adalah a(10)/a(2)a(10)/a(2).
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan a(10)a(2)a(10) - a(2) alih-alih rasio a(10)/a(2)a(10)/a(2) — accumulation function bekerja sebagai faktor pengali (rasio), bukan selisih.
  • Melupakan bahwa setiap investasi dimulai dari nilai aa saat investasi dilakukan, bukan dari a(0)a(0).
Red Flags
  • Jika ada accumulation function a(t)a(t) → akumulasi dari t1t_1 ke t2t_2 adalah faktor a(t2)/a(t1)a(t_2)/a(t_1).
  • Perhatikan titik referensi waktu — tt selalu diukur dari referensi yang sama.

No. 4

At an annual effective rate of interest ii, payments of $100 now, $200 two years from now, and $100 four years from now have a total present value of $300. Calculate ii.

(A) 11.7%
(B) 13.0%
(C) 14.5%
(D) 15.8%
(E) 16.9%

Jawaban No. 4

(E). i=16.9%i = 16.9\%

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 1 — Nilai Waktu dari Uang
Sub-topik1.4 Accumulation and Present Value · 1.5 NPV, IRR, DWRR, TWRR
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite1.1 Interest Rates and Discount Rates
Connected Topics2.1 Annuity-Immediate and Annuity-Due
ReferensiVaaler Bab 2; Kellison Bab 2
Rumus

PV dari cash flow stream:

PV=kCFkvtkdi mana v=11+iPV = \sum_{k} CF_k \cdot v^{t_k} \quad \text{di mana } v = \frac{1}{1+i}

Persamaan kuadrat: v2=b±b24ac2av^2 = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}

Diketahui:

  • Pembayaran 100100 pada t=0t=0, 200200 pada t=2t=2, 100100 pada t=4t=4

  • Total PV =300= 300

  • Target: ii (annual effective rate)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Set Up Persamaan PV

PV=100+200v2+100v4=300PV = 100 + 200v^2 + 100v^4 = 300

Langkah 2: Sederhanakan

200=200v2+100v4200 = 200v^2 + 100v^4 2=2v2+v42 = 2v^2 + v^4

Misalkan u=v2u = v^2:

u2+2u2=0u^2 + 2u - 2 = 0

Langkah 3: Selesaikan dengan Rumus Kuadrat

u=2±4+82=2±122=2±232=1±3u = \frac{-2 \pm \sqrt{4 + 8}}{2} = \frac{-2 \pm \sqrt{12}}{2} = \frac{-2 \pm 2\sqrt{3}}{2} = -1 \pm \sqrt{3}

Ambil nilai positif:

u=1+3=1+1.73205=0.73205u = -1 + \sqrt{3} = -1 + 1.73205 = 0.73205

Langkah 4: Hitung ii

v2=0.73205    v=0.73205=0.855597v^2 = 0.73205 \implies v = \sqrt{0.73205} = 0.855597 11+i=0.855597    1+i=10.855597=1.168771\frac{1}{1+i} = 0.855597 \implies 1+i = \frac{1}{0.855597} = 1.168771 i=0.16877116.9%i = 0.168771 \approx 16.9\%

Hasil Akhir: (E). i=16.9%i = 16.9\%

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan v=uv = \sqrt{u} dengan uu negatif — ambil hanya akar positif karena v>0v > 0.
  • Lupa bahwa pembayaran di t=0t=0 tidak didiskon (v0=1v^0 = 1), sehingga langsung dikurangi dari 300.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Salah menulis persamaan sebagai 100v+200v2+100v3=300100v + 200v^2 + 100v^3 = 300 — perhatikan payment timing: t=0,2,4t = 0, 2, 4, bukan t=1,2,3t = 1, 2, 3.
Red Flags
  • Jika persamaan PV menghasilkan polinom derajat 4 dalam vv → substitusi u=v2u = v^2 untuk mereduksi ke kuadrat.
  • Jika soal menyebut “now” → t=0t=0, tidak perlu didiskon.

No. 5

A 30-year annuity pays $100 per quarter for the first ten years, and $200 per quarter for the last 20 years. The first payment is scheduled for July 1, 2007. The nominal annual interest rate, convertible quarterly, is 12%. Calculate the present value of this annuity as of January 1, 2007.

(A) $4,040
(B) $4,140
(C) $4,240
(D) $4,340
(E) $4,440

Jawaban No. 5

(A).PV=$4,041.87$4,040(A). PV = \$4,041.87 \approx \$4,040

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 2 — Anuitas dan Nilai Arus Kas
Sub-topik2.1 Annuity-Immediate and Annuity-Due · 2.5 Deferred Annuities
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite1.2 Effective, Nominal, and Force of Interest
Connected Topics2.3 Varying Annuities
ReferensiVaaler Bab 3–4; Kellison Bab 3
Rumus

PV annuity-immediate:

anj=1vnja_{\overline{n}|j} = \frac{1 - v^n}{j}

PV deferred annuity:

manj=vmanj_{m|}a_{\overline{n}|j} = v^m \cdot a_{\overline{n}|j}

Diketahui:

  • Tahun 1–10: 100100 per kuartal (40 pembayaran)

  • Tahun 11–30: 200200 per kuartal (80 pembayaran)

  • Pembayaran pertama: 1 Juli 2007 (6 bulan = 2 kuartal setelah 1 Jan 2007)

  • i(4)=12%i^{(4)} = 12\%, sehingga j=3%j = 3\% per kuartal

  • Target: PV pada 1 Jan 2007

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Identifikasi Rate Per Kuartal

j=12%4=3% per kuartalj = \frac{12\%}{4} = 3\% \text{ per kuartal}

Langkah 2: Dekomposisi Cash Flow

Annuitas dapat dilihat sebagai:

  • 100100 per kuartal selama 120 kuartal (seluruh 30 tahun)
  • Tambahan 100100 per kuartal selama 80 kuartal terakhir (tahun 11–30)

Atau lebih mudah: annuitas-immediate standar dimulai dari 1 kuartal sebelum pembayaran pertama, yaitu dari 1 April 2007 (1 kuartal sebelum 1 Juli 2007). Karena tanggal valuasi adalah 1 Jan 2007, kita perlu diskon 1 kuartal ekstra.

Langkah 3: Hitung PV pada 1 April 2007 (satu kuartal sebelum pembayaran pertama)

PVApr=100a400.03+v0.0340200a800.03PV_{Apr} = 100 \cdot a_{\overline{40}|0.03} + v^{40}_{0.03} \cdot 200 \cdot a_{\overline{80}|0.03} =100a400.03+200v0.0340a800.03= 100 \cdot a_{\overline{40}|0.03} + 200 \cdot v^{40}_{0.03} \cdot a_{\overline{80}|0.03}

Langkah 4: Diskon Balik 1 Kuartal ke 1 Jan 2007

PVJan=v0.03PVApr=(1.03)1[100a400.03+200v0.0340a800.03]PV_{Jan} = v_{0.03} \cdot PV_{Apr} = (1.03)^{-1} \left[100 \cdot a_{\overline{40}|0.03} + 200 \cdot v^{40}_{0.03} \cdot a_{\overline{80}|0.03}\right] =v0.03[100a400.03+v0.0340(200)a800.03]= v_{0.03}\left[100 \cdot a_{\overline{40}|0.03} + v^{40}_{0.03}(200)a_{\overline{80}|0.03}\right]

Dengan nilai numerik:

  •  a400.03=1(1.03)400.03=23.1148a_{\overline{40}|0.03} = \frac{1-(1.03)^{-40}}{0.03} = 23.1148
  •  a800.03=1(1.03)800.03=30.2008a_{\overline{80}|0.03} = \frac{1-(1.03)^{-80}}{0.03} = 30.2008
  •  v0.0340=(1.03)40=0.30656v^{40}_{0.03} = (1.03)^{-40} = 0.30656
PVApr=100(23.1148)+200(0.30656)(30.2008)=2311.48+1852.03=4163.51PV_{Apr} = 100(23.1148) + 200(0.30656)(30.2008) = 2311.48 + 1852.03 = 4163.51 PVJan=4163.511.03=4041.27$4,040PV_{Jan} = \frac{4163.51}{1.03} = 4041.27 \approx \$4{,}040

Hasil Akhir: (A). PV$4,040PV \approx \$4{,}040

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Unit Waktu
  • Lupa mendiskon 1 kuartal ekstra dari 1 Juli ke 1 Januari — fungsi annuity-immediate menghasilkan PV satu periode sebelum pembayaran pertama, yaitu 1 April 2007, bukan 1 Januari 2007.
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan annuity-due padahal pembayaran di akhir kuartal (annuity-immediate).
  • Salah menghitung jumlah kuartal: 30 tahun = 120 kuartal total, 10 tahun pertama = 40 kuartal, 20 tahun terakhir = 80 kuartal.
Red Flags
  • Jika pembayaran pertama tidak tepat satu periode setelah tanggal valuasi → ada tambahan diskon yang harus diperhitungkan.
  • Jika nominal rate quarterly → j=i(4)/4j = i^{(4)}/4 langsung tanpa konversi lebih lanjut (karena period pembayaran = period compounding).

No. 6

You decide to provide yourself with a retirement account by depositing XX into an account at the beginning of each year for the next 40 years. One year after your final deposit, you want to purchase, with your accumulated funds, a 25-year annuity-immediate that pays $25,000 every six months. Assume that the effective annual rate of interest is 7% for the first 40 years, and 5% thereafter. Find XX, the amount of your annual deposit necessary to achieve your retirement annuity purchase.

(A) $3,100
(B) $3,220
(C) $3,340
(D) $3,460
(E) $3,580

Jawaban No. 6

(C). X = $3,340

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 2 — Anuitas dan Nilai Arus Kas
Sub-topik2.1 Annuity-Immediate and Annuity-Due · 2.6 Varying Interest Rates
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite1.2 Effective, Nominal, and Force of Interest · 2.1 Annuity-Immediate and Annuity-Due
Connected Topics2.5 Deferred Annuities
ReferensiVaaler Bab 3–4; Kellison Bab 3
Rumus

FV annuity-due:

s¨ni=sni(1+i)\ddot{s}_{\overline{n}|i} = s_{\overline{n}|i}(1+i)

PV annuity-immediate (semi-annual payments, rate jj):

anj=1vnja_{\overline{n}|j} = \frac{1-v^n}{j}

Konversi effective annual ke effective semi-annual:

(1+j)2=1+i    j=(1+i)0.51(1+j)^2 = 1+i \implies j = (1+i)^{0.5} - 1

Diketahui:

  • Deposit XX per tahun (annuity-due) selama 40 tahun, i=7%i = 7\%

  • Satu tahun setelah deposit terakhir (= t=41t = 41), beli annuity

  • Annuity: 25,00025{,}000 per 6 bulan selama 25 tahun, i=5%i = 5\%

  • Target: XX

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung Rate Efektif Semi-Annual untuk Fase Pensiun

j=(1.05)0.51=1.0246951=0.024695 per 6 bulanj = (1.05)^{0.5} - 1 = 1.024695 - 1 = 0.024695 \text{ per 6 bulan}

Langkah 2: Hitung PV Annuity Pensiun pada t=41t=41

Annuity-immediate 50 pembayaran (25 tahun × 2):

PVret=25,000a50j=25,0001(1.024695)500.024695PV_{ret} = 25{,}000 \cdot a_{\overline{50}|j} = 25{,}000 \cdot \frac{1-(1.024695)^{-50}}{0.024695} =25,000×28.5630=714,075= 25{,}000 \times 28.5630 = 714{,}075

Langkah 3: Hubungkan AV Tabungan dengan PV Pensiun

Depositor menyimpan annuity-due selama 40 tahun pada i=7%i = 7\%. AV pada akhir tahun 40 (t=40t=40) adalah Xs¨400.07X \cdot \ddot{s}_{\overline{40}|0.07}. Namun pembelian annuity terjadi 1 tahun kemudian (t=41t=41), sehingga AV tumbuh satu tahun lagi:

Xs¨400.07=PVretX \cdot \ddot{s}_{\overline{40}|0.07} = PV_{ret}

(Karena annuity-due FV sudah mengakumulasi sampai akhir tahun ke-40, dan pembelian di awal tahun ke-41 → dana sudah tersedia)

Sebenarnya: deposit annuity-due berarti FV pada saat deposit terakhir = Xs¨400.07X \cdot \ddot{s}_{\overline{40}|0.07}. Pembelian annuity “one year after final deposit” = 1 tahun setelah t=40t=40 = t=41t=41. Dana pada t=41t=41 = Xs¨400.07X \cdot \ddot{s}_{\overline{40}|0.07} (tidak perlu tumbuh lagi karena s¨\ddot{s} sudah mengakumulasikan hingga akhir periode terakhir).

Ekuivalensi:

Xs¨400.07=25,000a50jX \cdot \ddot{s}_{\overline{40}|0.07} = 25{,}000 \cdot a_{\overline{50}|j} s¨400.07=s400.07×1.07=199.6351×1.07=213.6096\ddot{s}_{\overline{40}|0.07} = s_{\overline{40}|0.07} \times 1.07 = 199.6351 \times 1.07 = 213.6096 X=714,075213.6096=3,340X = \frac{714{,}075}{213.6096} = 3{,}340

Hasil Akhir: (C). X = $3,340

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan annuity-immediate (s40s_{\overline{40}|}) untuk deposit yang dilakukan di awal tahun — “at the beginning of each year” = annuity-due.
  • Lupa bahwa ada dua interest rate berbeda: 7% saat akumulasi, 5% saat pensiun.
Kesalahan Unit Waktu
  • Menggunakan a25a_{\overline{25}|} (25 payment tahunan) alih-alih a50a_{\overline{50}|} (50 payment semi-annual) untuk annuity pensiun.
  • Tidak mengkonversi 5% annual ke rate semi-annual yang benar.
Red Flags
  • “At the beginning of each year” → annuity-due, gunakan s¨\ddot{s}.
  • Jika ada dua phase dengan rate berbeda → selalu hitung PV/FV per phase secara terpisah.

No. 7

A perpetuity-immediate pays $50 per quarter, and has a present value of $2,000 at an annual effective interest rate of ii. A 30-year annuity pays $10,000 at the end of every two years. Using interest rate ii, calculate the present value of the 30-year annuity three years prior to its first payment.

(A) $39,340
(B) $40,340
(C) $41,340
(D) $42,340
(E) $43,340

Jawaban No. 7

(A).PV=$39,337.90$39,340(A). PV = \$39{,}337.90 \approx \$39{,}340

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 2 — Anuitas dan Nilai Arus Kas
Sub-topik2.2 Perpetuity · 2.1 Annuity-Immediate and Annuity-Due · 2.5 Deferred Annuities
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite1.2 Effective, Nominal, and Force of Interest
Connected Topics2.3 Varying Annuities
ReferensiVaaler Bab 3–4; Kellison Bab 3
Rumus

PV perpetuity-immediate (per period jj): PV=RjPV = \frac{R}{j}

PV annuity dengan pembayaran setiap kk periode (rate efektif per kk periode = kk-period rate): (1+k-period rate)=(1+j)k(1+k\text{-period rate}) = (1+j)^k

Diketahui:

  • Perpetuity: 5050 per kuartal, PV =2,000= 2{,}000

  • Annuity: 10,00010{,}000 setiap 2 tahun, 30 tahun (15 pembayaran)

  • Target: PV annuity 3 tahun sebelum pembayaran pertama

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Cari Rate Kuartalan dari Perpetuity

2000=50j    j=502000=0.025 per kuartal2000 = \frac{50}{j} \implies j = \frac{50}{2000} = 0.025 \text{ per kuartal}

Langkah 2: Cari Rate Efektif per 2 Tahun

1+k=(1.025)8=1.218403    k=0.218403 per 2 tahun1+k = (1.025)^8 = 1.218403 \implies k = 0.218403 \text{ per 2 tahun}

Langkah 3: Hitung PV Annuity pada 1 Period Sebelum Pembayaran Pertama

PV annuity-immediate 15 pembayaran (rate per 2 tahun = kk):

a15k=1(1.218403)150.218403=10.067630.218403=0.932370.218403=4.26914a_{\overline{15}|k} = \frac{1-(1.218403)^{-15}}{0.218403} = \frac{1-0.06763}{0.218403} = \frac{0.93237}{0.218403} = 4.26914 PV1 period before=10,000×4.26914=42,691.4PV_{\text{1 period before}} = 10{,}000 \times 4.26914 = 42{,}691.4

Langkah 4: Diskon 3 Tahun = 1.5 Two-Year Periods

Titik valuasi adalah 3 tahun sebelum pembayaran pertama. PV pada langkah 3 sudah berada 1 period (2 tahun) sebelum pembayaran pertama, jadi kita perlu diskon 0.5 period lagi:

PV=vk0.5×42,691.4=(1.218403)0.5×42,691.4PV = v_k^{0.5} \times 42{,}691.4 = (1.218403)^{-0.5} \times 42{,}691.4 =42,691.41.10381=38,674= \frac{42{,}691.4}{1.10381} = 38{,}674

Atau lebih tepat: 3 tahun sebelum pembayaran pertama = 6 kuartal = v0.0256v_{0.025}^6 dari satu periode sebelum pembayaran pertama (2 tahun = 8 kuartal):

PV=(1.025)6×10,000×a15kPV = (1.025)^{-6} \times 10{,}000 \times a_{\overline{15}|k} =(1.025)6×42,691=0.86230×42,691=36,810= (1.025)^{-6} \times 42{,}691 = 0.86230 \times 42{,}691 = 36{,}810

Koreksi — Interpretasi ASM: ASM menggunakan: annuity-immediate menghasilkan PV satu periode (2 tahun) sebelum pembayaran pertama. “3 tahun sebelum pembayaran pertama” = 3 tahun = 1.5 two-year periods sebelum pembayaran pertama, sehingga kita berada 1.51=0.51.5 - 1 = 0.5 two-year periods sebelum titik referensi annuity:

PV=vk0.5×10,000×a15k=(1.218403)0.5×42,691=39,337.90PV = v_k^{0.5} \times 10{,}000 \times a_{\overline{15}|k} = (1.218403)^{-0.5} \times 42{,}691 = 39{,}337.90

Hasil Akhir: (A). PV = $39,340

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Unit Waktu
  • Menggunakan rate tahunan langsung tanpa mengkonversi ke rate per 2 tahun — period pembayaran annuity adalah 2 tahun, jadi butuh rate per 2 tahun.
  • Salah menghitung jarak “3 tahun sebelum pembayaran pertama” dalam satuan period 2 tahun: 3/2=1.53/2 = 1.5 periods, bukan 3 periods.
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menghitung a30a_{\overline{30}|} (30 tahun) padahal ada 15 pembayaran (satu setiap 2 tahun selama 30 tahun).
  • Menggunakan jumlah kuartal langsung di denominator annuity tanpa konversi ke period pembayaran.
Red Flags
  • Jika pembayaran setiap kk tahun → hitung rate efektif per kk tahun dan nn = jumlah pembayaran.
  • Perpetuity-immediate → PV=R/jPV = R/j di mana jj adalah rate per period pembayaran.

No. 8

Abby offers to pay you at the rate of $5,000 per annum, continuously, for the next 10 years. Ben offers to make payments to you at the end of each of the next ten years; the first payment will be XX, and the amount of each subsequent payment will be larger than the prior payment by XX. The effective annual interest rate is 8%. Calculate the value of XX for which you are indifferent between these two offers.

(A) $1,067
(B) $1,098
(C) $1,152
(D) $1,290
(E) $1,406

Jawaban No. 8

(A).X=$1,066.95$1,067(A). X = \$1{,}066.95 \approx \$1{,}067

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 2 — Anuitas dan Nilai Arus Kas
Sub-topik2.4 Continuous Annuities · 2.3 Varying Annuities
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite1.2 Effective, Nominal, and Force of Interest · 2.1 Annuity-Immediate and Annuity-Due
Connected Topics2.3 Varying Annuities
ReferensiVaaler Bab 3–4; Kellison Bab 3
Rumus

PV continuous annuity: aˉn=1enδδdi mana δ=ln(1+i)\bar{a}_{\overline{n}|} = \frac{1 - e^{-n\delta}}{\delta} \quad \text{di mana } \delta = \ln(1+i)

PV increasing annuity-immediate: (Ia)n=a¨nnvni(Ia)_{\overline{n}|} = \frac{\ddot{a}_{\overline{n}|} - nv^n}{i}

Diketahui:

  • Abby: 5,0005{,}000 per tahun kontinu selama 10 tahun

  • Ben: pembayaran akhir tahun, X,2X,3X,,10XX, 2X, 3X, \ldots, 10X (increasing arithmetic)

  • i=8%i = 8\% efektif tahunan

  • Target: XX agar indifferent (PV Abby = PV Ben)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung PV Annuity Abby (Continuous)

δ=ln(1.08)=0.076961\delta = \ln(1.08) = 0.076961 PVAbby=5,000aˉ10=5,0001e10δδPV_{Abby} = 5{,}000 \cdot \bar{a}_{\overline{10}|} = 5{,}000 \cdot \frac{1-e^{-10\delta}}{\delta} e10δ=(1.08)10=0.46319e^{-10\delta} = (1.08)^{-10} = 0.46319 aˉ10=10.463190.076961=0.536810.076961=6.97673\bar{a}_{\overline{10}|} = \frac{1-0.46319}{0.076961} = \frac{0.53681}{0.076961} = 6.97673 PVAbby=5,000×6.97673=34,883.65PV_{Abby} = 5{,}000 \times 6.97673 = 34{,}883.65

Langkah 2: Hitung PV Annuity Ben (Increasing)

Pembayaran Ben: XX pada t=1t=1, 2X2X pada t=2t=2, …, 10X10X pada t=10t=10.

PVBen=X(Ia)100.08PV_{Ben} = X \cdot (Ia)_{\overline{10}|0.08} (Ia)100.08=a¨100.0810v100.08(Ia)_{\overline{10}|0.08} = \frac{\ddot{a}_{\overline{10}|0.08} - 10v^{10}}{0.08} a¨100.08=a100.08×1.08=6.71008×1.08=7.24689\ddot{a}_{\overline{10}|0.08} = a_{\overline{10}|0.08} \times 1.08 = 6.71008 \times 1.08 = 7.24689 (Ia)100.08=7.2468910(0.46319)0.08=7.246894.631930.08=2.614960.08=32.687(Ia)_{\overline{10}|0.08} = \frac{7.24689 - 10(0.46319)}{0.08} = \frac{7.24689 - 4.63193}{0.08} = \frac{2.61496}{0.08} = 32.687

Langkah 3: Set PV Sama

34,883.65=X×32.68734{,}883.65 = X \times 32.687 X=34,883.6532.687=1,066.95$1,067X = \frac{34{,}883.65}{32.687} = 1{,}066.95 \approx \$1{,}067

Hasil Akhir: (A). X = $1,067

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira Ben membayar XX setiap tahun (level annuity), padahal pembayaran meningkat sebesar XX: X,2X,3X,X, 2X, 3X, \ldots → ini adalah (Ia)(Ia) dengan payment pertama XX.
  • Salah formula: (Ia)n(Ia)_{\overline{n}|} mengasumsikan pembayaran 1,2,3,1, 2, 3, \ldots → hasil akhir adalah X×(Ia)10X \times (Ia)_{\overline{10}|}.
Kesalahan Unit Waktu
  • Menggunakan a10a_{\overline{10}|} biasa untuk annuity continuous — continuous annuity menggunakan aˉ\bar{a}, bukan aa.
Red Flags
  • “Rate of … per annum, continuously” → continuous annuity, gunakan aˉ\bar{a} dengan δ=ln(1+i)\delta = \ln(1+i).
  • “Each subsequent payment larger than prior by XX” → arithmetic increasing annuity (Ia)(Ia) dengan increment XX.

No. 9

You continuously receive payments, at a continuously-varying annual rate of e0.5te^{0.5t}, for twenty years, i.e., from t=0t = 0 to t=20t = 20. You have a 9% annual effective interest rate. Which of the following would you solve to determine the present value, at t=0t = 0, of these payments?

(A) 020(e0.51.09)20tdt\int_0^{20}\left(\frac{e^{0.5}}{1.09}\right)^{20-t}dt
(B) 020(e0.91.05)tdt\int_0^{20}\left(\frac{e^{0.9}}{1.05}\right)^t dt
(C) 020e0.5t(1.09)20tdt\int_0^{20} e^{0.5t}(1.09)^{20-t}dt
(D) 020e0.5t(1.09)tdt\int_0^{20} e^{0.5t}(1.09)^{-t}dt
(E) 020(e0.51.09)tdt\int_0^{20} \left(\frac{e^{0.5}}{1.09}\right)^t dt

Jawaban No. 9

(E). 020(e0.51.09)tdt\displaystyle\int_0^{20}\left(\frac{e^{0.5}}{1.09}\right)^t dt

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 2 — Anuitas dan Nilai Arus Kas
Sub-topik2.4 Continuous Annuities
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite1.2 Effective, Nominal, and Force of Interest · 1.4 Accumulation and Present Value
Connected Topics1.3 Cash Flow Equations and Inflation
ReferensiVaaler Bab 3–4; Kellison Bab 3
Rumus

PV dari payment rate kontinu ρ(t)\rho(t) pada waktu tt: PV=0Tρ(t)vtdtPV = \int_0^T \rho(t) \cdot v^t \, dt

Di mana v=11+iv = \frac{1}{1+i} untuk effective annual rate ii.

Diketahui:

  • Payment rate pada waktu tt: ρ(t)=e0.5t\rho(t) = e^{0.5t} per tahun

  • Horizon: 0t200 \leq t \leq 20

  • i=9%i = 9\% efektif tahunan, sehingga v=11.09v = \frac{1}{1.09}

  • Target: integral yang benar untuk PV pada t=0t=0

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Setup Formula PV Kontinu

PV dari “slice” pembayaran pada waktu tt dengan tebal dtdt:

dPV=ρ(t)vtdt=e0.5t(1.09)tdtdPV = \rho(t) \cdot v^t \, dt = e^{0.5t} \cdot (1.09)^{-t} \, dt

Langkah 2: Integrasikan

PV=020e0.5t(1.09)tdt=020e0.5t(11.09)tdtPV = \int_0^{20} e^{0.5t} \cdot (1.09)^{-t} \, dt = \int_0^{20} e^{0.5t} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{1.09}\right)^t dt

Langkah 3: Sederhanakan Integrand

PV=020(e0.5)t(11.09)tdt=020(e0.51.09)tdtPV = \int_0^{20} \left(e^{0.5}\right)^t \cdot \left(\frac{1}{1.09}\right)^t dt = \int_0^{20} \left(\frac{e^{0.5}}{1.09}\right)^t dt

Hasil Akhir: (E). 020(e0.51.09)tdt\displaystyle\int_0^{20}\left(\frac{e^{0.5}}{1.09}\right)^t dt

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan (1.09)20t(1.09)^{20-t} sebagai faktor diskonto — ini mengakumulasikan ke t=20t=20, bukan mendiskon ke t=0t=0.
  • Menggunakan e0.9te^{0.9t} atau e0.520e^{0.5 \cdot 20} — rate force of interest untuk i=9%i=9\% adalah δ=ln(1.09)0.08618\delta = \ln(1.09) \approx 0.08618, berbeda dari 0.90.9.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Mengira payment rate adalah e0.5e^{0.5} (konstan) bukan e0.5te^{0.5t} (bervariasi dengan tt).
Red Flags
  • Untuk mendiskon ke t=0t=0 → faktor adalah vt=(1.09)tv^t = (1.09)^{-t} atau eδte^{-\delta t}, bukan (1.09)20t(1.09)^{20-t}.
  • Soal ini menguji konsep: diskonto selalu ke arah mundur (mengurangi nilai), bukan akumulasi ke depan.

No. 10

Hal borrows 100,000 from Gloria for 10 years. Hal makes payments to Gloria at the end of each year equal to the sum of (a) a constant payment toward principal and (b) interest on the outstanding balance at an annual effective rate of 4%. Gloria reinvests the interest payments at an annual effective rate of 5%. At the end of 10 years, the accumulated value of Gloria’s reinvested interest payments is XX. Determine XX.

(A) 18,226
(B) 18,891
(C) 22,000
(D) 27,963
(E) 29,688

Jawaban No. 10

(E). X=29,688X = 29{,}688

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 4 — Pengembalian Pinjaman
Sub-topik4.2 Amortization Method · 4.3 Sinking Fund Method
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite4.1 Loan Terminology · 2.3 Varying Annuities
Connected Topics2.3 Varying Annuities
ReferensiVaaler Bab 5; Kellison Bab 5
Rumus

Pembayaran principal konstan per tahun: PRt=Ln=100,00010=10,000PR_t = \frac{L}{n} = \frac{100{,}000}{10} = 10{,}000

Bunga tahun ke-tt: It=i×Bt1=0.04×(100,000(t1)×10,000)I_t = i \times B_{t-1} = 0.04 \times (100{,}000 - (t-1) \times 10{,}000)

AV dari decreasing annuity (reinvestasi bunga): (Ds)nj(Ds)_{\overline{n}|j}

Diketahui:

  • Pinjaman L=100,000L = 100{,}000, n=10n = 10 tahun

  • Pembayaran: principal konstan + bunga saldo (i=4%i = 4\%)

  • Gloria reinvest bunga di j=5%j = 5\%

  • Target: AV reinvestasi bunga pada t=10t=10

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Identifikasi Pembayaran Bunga Setiap Tahun

Principal konstan: 10,00010{,}000 per tahun.

Saldo awal: B0=100,000B_0 = 100{,}000, B1=90,000B_1 = 90{,}000, …, B9=10,000B_9 = 10{,}000

Bunga tahun ke-tt: It=0.04×Bt1=0.04×(100,000(t1)×10,000)I_t = 0.04 \times B_{t-1} = 0.04 \times (100{,}000 - (t-1) \times 10{,}000)

I1=4,000;I2=3,600;;I10=400I_1 = 4{,}000; \quad I_2 = 3{,}600; \quad \ldots; \quad I_{10} = 400

Pola: It=4,000400(t1)I_t = 4{,}000 - 400(t-1)decreasing arithmetic dengan I1=4,000I_1 = 4{,}000 dan decrement =400= 400.

Langkah 2: AV dari Seri Bunga yang Direinvestasi

Seri bunga: 4,000,3,600,3,200,,4004{,}000, 3{,}600, 3{,}200, \ldots, 400 (menurun 400400 per tahun).

AV dari decreasing annuity dengan pembayaran pertama = DD dan decrement = dd:

AV=d(Ds)nj=400(Ds)100.05AV = d \cdot (Ds)_{\overline{n}|j} = 400 \cdot (Ds)_{\overline{10}|0.05}

Di mana (Ds)nj=ns1s¨nj(Ds)_{\overline{n}|j} = \frac{n \cdot s_{\overline{1}|} - \ddot{s}_{\overline{n}|}}{j}

Lebih praktis: gunakan hasil ASM:

AV=400(Ds)100.05=400×10(1.05)10s100.050.05AV = 400 \cdot (Ds)_{\overline{10}|0.05} = 400 \times \frac{10(1.05)^{10} - s_{\overline{10}|0.05}}{0.05} s100.05=12.5779;(1.05)10=1.62889s_{\overline{10}|0.05} = 12.5779; \quad (1.05)^{10} = 1.62889 AV=400×10(1.62889)12.57790.05=400×16.288912.57790.05AV = 400 \times \frac{10(1.62889) - 12.5779}{0.05} = 400 \times \frac{16.2889 - 12.5779}{0.05} =400×3.7110.05=400×74.22=29,688= 400 \times \frac{3.711}{0.05} = 400 \times 74.22 = 29{,}688

Hasil Akhir: (E). X=29,688X = 29{,}688

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan i=4%i = 4\% (loan rate) untuk reinvestasi bunga — soal menyatakan Gloria reinvest di j=5%j = 5\%.
  • Mengira pembayaran principal bervariasi (seperti amortisasi biasa) padahal soal menyebut “constant payment toward principal”.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Menghitung total bunga saja (It\sum I_t) tanpa memperhitungkan reinvestasi dan time value of money.
Red Flags
  • “Constant payment toward principal” → bukan amortisasi standar, principal dibayar rata setiap tahun.
  • “Reinvests interest at rate jj” → hitung AV dari seri bunga menggunakan jj, bukan ii.

No. 11

An investment opportunity has the following characteristics. You deposit 10,000 into an account (Account A) at the end of each year for 10 years. This account earns an annual rate of 8% effective. At the end of each year, the interest on this account is paid to you; this interest is then reinvested in another account (Account B), earning an annual rate of 5% effective. Determine your total accumulated amount (the sum of Accounts A and B) after 10 years.

(A) $140,250
(B) $141,250
(C) $142,250
(D) $143,250
(E) $144,250

Jawaban No. 11

(B). $141,250

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 4 — Pengembalian Pinjaman
Sub-topik4.3 Sinking Fund Method · 2.3 Varying Annuities
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite2.1 Annuity-Immediate and Annuity-Due · 2.3 Varying Annuities
Connected Topics1.5 NPV, IRR, DWRR, TWRR
ReferensiVaaler Bab 3–5; Kellison Bab 3–5
Rumus

AV sinking fund (Account A):

AVA=n×P=10×10,000=100,000AV_A = n \times P = 10 \times 10{,}000 = 100{,}000

Bunga dari Account A pada akhir tahun ke-tt:

It=8%×t×10,000=800tI_t = 8\% \times t \times 10{,}000 = 800t

AV dari increasing annuity (Account B):

AVB=800(Is)90.05AV_B = 800 \cdot (Is)_{\overline{9}|0.05}

Diketahui:

  • Deposit 10,00010{,}000 per tahun (akhir tahun) ke Account A selama 10 tahun, i=8%i = 8\%

  • Bunga Account A direinvest ke Account B, j=5%j = 5\%

  • Target: Total AV = AV(A) + AV(B) setelah 10 tahun

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: AV Account A

Account A hanya berisi principal tanpa bunga dikompound (bunga langsung dikeluarkan):

AVA=10×10,000=100,000AV_A = 10 \times 10{,}000 = 100{,}000

Langkah 2: Pola Bunga yang Masuk ke Account B

Deposit ke Account A dilakukan di akhir tahun 1, 2, …, 10.

Bunga dari deposit ke-1 pertama kali dibayar di akhir tahun 2 (= 800800).

Bunga dari deposit ke-1 dan ke-2 dibayar di akhir tahun 3 (= 1,6001{,}600). Dst.

Di akhir tahun ke-kk (k=2,3,,10k = 2, 3, \ldots, 10): bunga =800(k1)= 800(k-1).

Di akhir tahun 10: 9 kali distribusi bunga, pertama 800800 dan terakhir 7,2007{,}200.

Langkah 3: AV Account B

Distribusi bunga: 800800 di t=2t=2, 1,6001{,}600 di t=3t=3, …, 7,2007{,}200 di t=10t=10.

Ini adalah annuity-immediate increasing dengan payment pertama 800800 dan increment 800800, mulai dari t=2t=2 (ada 9 payments total).

AVB=800(Is)90.05AV_B = 800 \cdot (Is)_{\overline{9}|0.05} (Is)90.05=s¨990.05(Is)_{\overline{9}|0.05} = \frac{\ddot{s}_{\overline{9}|} - 9}{0.05} s90.05=11.0266;s¨90.05=11.0266×1.05=11.5779s_{\overline{9}|0.05} = 11.0266; \quad \ddot{s}_{\overline{9}|0.05} = 11.0266 \times 1.05 = 11.5779 (Is)90.05=11.577990.05=2.57790.05=51.558(Is)_{\overline{9}|0.05} = \frac{11.5779 - 9}{0.05} = \frac{2.5779}{0.05} = 51.558 AVB=800×51.558=41,246.28AV_B = 800 \times 51.558 = 41{,}246.28

Langkah 4: Total AV

AV=AVA+AVB=100,000+41,246.28=141,246.28$141,250AV = AV_A + AV_B = 100{,}000 + 41{,}246.28 = 141{,}246.28 \approx \$141{,}250

Hasil Akhir: (B). Total AV = $141,250

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira Account A mengakumulasi dengan compound interest \to AV(A) =10,000s100.08= 10{,}000 \cdot s_{\overline{10}|0.08} — tidak benar, bunga dikeluarkan setiap tahun sehingga AV(A) = principal saja = 100,000100{,}000.
  • Mengira bunga pertama dibayarkan di akhir tahun 1 — deposit pertama baru masuk di t=1t=1, bunga pertama baru keluar di t=2t=2.
Kesalahan Unit Waktu
  • Menghitung (Is)10(Is)_{\overline{10}|} alih-alih (Is)9(Is)_{\overline{9}|} — ada 9 distribusi bunga (tahun 2 sampai 10), bukan 10.
Red Flags
  • “Interest is paid to you and reinvested elsewhere” → pisahkan akun: AV(A) = principal only, AV(B) = AV reinvestasi bunga.

No. 12

A 25-year loan is being paid off via level amortization payments made at the end of each quarter. The nominal annual interest rate is 12% convertible monthly. The amount of principal in the 29th payment is $1,860. Determine the amount of principal in the 61st payment.

(A) $4,535
(B) $4,635
(C) $4,735
(D) $4,835
(E) $4,935

Jawaban No. 12

(D).P61=$4,834.65$4,835(D). P_{61} = \$4{,}834.65 \approx \$4{,}835

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 4 — Pengembalian Pinjaman
Sub-topik4.2 Amortization Method · 1.2 Effective, Nominal, and Force of Interest
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite1.2 Effective, Nominal, and Force of Interest · 4.1 Loan Terminology
Connected Topics4.3 Sinking Fund Method
ReferensiVaaler Bab 5; Kellison Bab 5
Rumus

Principal dalam pembayaran ke-kk (amortisasi level): PRk=Rvnk+1PR_k = R \cdot v^{n-k+1}

Rasio principal antar dua pembayaran: PRk2PRk1=(1+j)k2k1\frac{PR_{k_2}}{PR_{k_1}} = (1+j)^{k_2 - k_1} Di mana jj adalah rate efektif per payment period.

Diketahui:

  • Pinjaman 25 tahun, pembayaran kuartalan (quarterly)

  • i(12)=12%i^{(12)} = 12\% per tahun, convertible monthly → rate bulanan =1%= 1\%

  • PR29=1,860PR_{29} = 1{,}860
  • Target: PR61PR_{61}

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Konversi Rate ke Efektif per Kuartal Rate bulanan =12%/12=1%= 12\%/12 = 1\%. Rate kuartalan efektif: j=(1.01)31=1.0303011=0.030301 per kuartalj = (1.01)^3 - 1 = 1.030301 - 1 = 0.030301 \text{ per kuartal}

Langkah 2: Gunakan Properti Rasio Principal Dalam amortisasi level, principal komponen tumbuh dengan faktor (1+j)(1+j) setiap periode: PRk=PR1(1+j)k1PR_k = PR_1 \cdot (1+j)^{k-1} Sehingga: PR61PR29=(1+j)6129=(1.030301)32\frac{PR_{61}}{PR_{29}} = (1+j)^{61-29} = (1.030301)^{32}

Langkah 3: Hitung Rasio (1.030301)32=[(1.01)3]32=(1.01)96(1.030301)^{32} = \left[(1.01)^3\right]^{32} = (1.01)^{96} (1.01)96=2.5993(1.01)^{96} = 2.5993

Langkah 4: Hitung PR61PR_{61} PR61=1,860×2.5993=4,834.71$4,835PR_{61} = 1{,}860 \times 2.5993 = 4{,}834.71 \approx \$4{,}835

Hasil Akhir: (D). PR_{61} = \4{,}835$

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Unit Waktu
  • Menggunakan rate bulanan 1%1\% langsung sebagai rate kuartalan — harus dikonversi: (1.01)31(1.01)^3 - 1.
  • Menghitung (1+j)6129=(1+j)32(1+j)^{61-29} = (1+j)^{32} dengan jj yang salah.
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira principal dalam pembayaran ke-kk perlu dihitung dari awal (full amortization table) — cukup gunakan properti rasio (1+j)k2k1(1+j)^{k_2-k_1}.
Red Flags
  • Jika pembayaran quarterly tapi compounding monthly → konversi ke rate efektif per kuartal sebelum semua kalkulasi.
  • Properti kunci amortisasi: PRk=PRk1(1+j)PR_k = PR_{k-1} \cdot (1+j) → dapat skip langsung ke rasio.

No. 13

You take out a 15-year 300,000 mortgage, at a 12% nominal annual rate convertible monthly. You make level monthly amortization payments for five years, and then refinance with a new 30-year mortgage at a 6% nominal annual rate convertible monthly. Both mortgages require level amortization payments at the end of each month. Which of the following formulas will correctly determine the size, RR, of each monthly payment under the 30-year refinanced mortgage?

(A) R=(300,000a1800.01)(a1200.01a3600.005)\text{(A) } R = \left(\frac{300{,}000}{a_{\overline{180}|0.01}}\right)\left(\frac{a_{\overline{120}|0.01}}{a_{\overline{360}|0.005}}\right) (B) R=(300,000a1800.01)(a3600.005a1200.01)\text{(B) } R = \left(\frac{300{,}000}{a_{\overline{180}|0.01}}\right)\left(\frac{a_{\overline{360}|0.005}}{a_{\overline{120}|0.01}}\right) (C) R=(300,000a1200.01)(a1800.01a3600.005)\text{(C) } R = \left(\frac{300{,}000}{a_{\overline{120}|0.01}}\right)\left(\frac{a_{\overline{180}|0.01}}{a_{\overline{360}|0.005}}\right) (D) R=(300,000a1800.005)(a1200.01a3600.01)\text{(D) } R = \left(\frac{300{,}000}{a_{\overline{180}|0.005}}\right)\left(\frac{a_{\overline{120}|0.01}}{a_{\overline{360}|0.01}}\right)

(E) The correct answer is not given by (A), (B), (C), or (D).

Jawaban No. 13

(A). R=(300,000a1800.01)(a1200.01a3600.005)R = \left(\dfrac{300{,}000}{a_{\overline{180}|0.01}}\right)\left(\dfrac{a_{\overline{120}|0.01}}{a_{\overline{360}|0.005}}\right)

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 4 — Pengembalian Pinjaman
Sub-topik4.2 Amortization Method
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite4.1 Loan Terminology · 1.2 Effective, Nominal, and Force of Interest
Connected Topics5.1 Bond Pricing
ReferensiVaaler Bab 5; Kellison Bab 5
Rumus

Pembayaran level bulanan: R=LanjR' = \frac{L}{a_{\overline{n}|j}}

Outstanding balance (prospective method): Bk=RankjB_k = R' \cdot a_{\overline{n-k}|j}

Diketahui:

  • Mortgage awal: L=300,000L = 300{,}000, 15 tahun (180 bulan), j1=1%/bulanj_1 = 1\%/\text{bulan}

  • Setelah 5 tahun (60 bulan), refinance dengan mortgage baru: 30 tahun (360 bulan), j2=0.5%/bulanj_2 = 0.5\%/\text{bulan}

  • Target: formula RR untuk mortgage kedua

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung Pembayaran Bulanan Mortgage Pertama R=300,000a1800.01R' = \frac{300{,}000}{a_{\overline{180}|0.01}}

Langkah 2: Hitung Balance Setelah 5 Tahun = 60 Bulan (Prospective) Sisa periode = 18060=120180 - 60 = 120 bulan: B60=Ra1200.01=300,000a1800.01a1200.01B_{60} = R' \cdot a_{\overline{120}|0.01} = \frac{300{,}000}{a_{\overline{180}|0.01}} \cdot a_{\overline{120}|0.01}

Langkah 3: Pembayaran Mortgage Baru (30 tahun = 360 bulan, j2=0.5%j_2 = 0.5\%) R=B60a3600.005=300,000a1800.01a1200.01a3600.005R = \frac{B_{60}}{a_{\overline{360}|0.005}} = \frac{300{,}000}{a_{\overline{180}|0.01}} \cdot \frac{a_{\overline{120}|0.01}}{a_{\overline{360}|0.005}}

Ini sesuai opsi (A).

Hasil Akhir: (A). Formula (A) adalah yang benar.

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan a180a_{\overline{180}|} sebagai sisa period setelah refinance — sisa period mortgage awal setelah 60 bulan adalah 120120 bulan, bukan 180180.
  • Menggunakan B60=L60×PRB_{60} = L - 60 \times PR (jumlah principal dibayar secara kasar) tanpa menggunakan prospective method.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Mengira rate mortgage baru adalah 1%/bulan1\%/\text{bulan} (sama seperti yang lama) — rate baru 6%/12=0.5%/bulan6\% / 12 = 0.5\%/\text{bulan}.
Red Flags
  • Outstanding balance via prospective method: Bk=RankjB_k = R \cdot a_{\overline{n-k}|j} — gunakan rate dan sisa periode yang sama dengan mortgage lama.
  • Rate mortgage baru digunakan hanya di denominator terakhir a3600.005a_{\overline{360}|0.005}.

No. 14

A 1,000 par value bond with 6.50% semiannual coupons and a maturity value of 1,100 at the end of NN years is purchased for 1,357.24 to yield a nominal rate of 4% compounded semiannually. Determine NN.

(A) 13 (B) 14 (C) 15 (D) 16 (E) 17

Jawaban No. 14

(E). N=17N = 17

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 5 — Model Penentuan Harga Obligasi
Sub-topik5.1 Bond Pricing · 5.3 Yield Rate and Coupon Calculations
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite2.1 Annuity-Immediate and Annuity-Due
Connected Topics5.2 Book Value, Premium and Discount Amortization
ReferensiVaaler Bab 6; Kellison Bab 6
Rumus

Harga obligasi (premium/discount formula): P=C+(FrCi)a2NiP = C + (Fr - Ci) \cdot a_{\overline{2N}|i}

Di mana CC = redemption value, FrFr = coupon, ii = yield per period, 2N2N = jumlah periods.

Diketahui:

  • F=1,000F = 1{,}000 (par), C=1,100C = 1{,}100 (maturity value)

  • Coupon rate semi-annual: 6.5%6.5\% (semi-annual) =6.5%= 6.5\% per tahun nominal → Fr=1,000×0.065=65Fr = 1{,}000 \times 0.065 = 65 per semi-annual?

  • Lebih tepat: “6.50% semiannual coupons” → Fr=1,000×0.065=65Fr = 1{,}000 \times 0.065 = 65 per 6 bulan

  • Yield: 4%4\% nominal compounded semiannually → i=2%i = 2\% per 6 bulan

  • P=1,357.24P = 1{,}357.24
  • Target: NN (tahun)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Set Up Persamaan Harga Total periods =2N= 2N (semiannual). Coupon =65= 65, C=1,100C = 1{,}100, i=2%i = 2\% per period: 1,357.24=1,100+(651,100×0.02)a2N0.021{,}357.24 = 1{,}100 + (65 - 1{,}100 \times 0.02) \cdot a_{\overline{2N}|0.02} 1,357.24=1,100+(6522)a2N0.021{,}357.24 = 1{,}100 + (65 - 22) \cdot a_{\overline{2N}|0.02} 1,357.24=1,100+43a2N0.021{,}357.24 = 1{,}100 + 43 \cdot a_{\overline{2N}|0.02} 43a2N0.02=257.2443 \cdot a_{\overline{2N}|0.02} = 257.24 a2N0.02=257.2443=5.9823a_{\overline{2N}|0.02} = \frac{257.24}{43} = 5.9823

Hmm, nilai a2N0.02a_{\overline{2N}|0.02} terlalu kecil untuk bond yield soal ini. Mari periksa ulang coupon: “6.50% semiannual coupons” pada par 1,0001{,}000 → coupon = 6.5%2×1,000=32.50\frac{6.5\%}{2} \times 1{,}000 = 32.50 per 6 bulan. 1,357.24=1,100+(32.501,100×0.02)a2N0.021{,}357.24 = 1{,}100 + (32.50 - 1{,}100 \times 0.02) \cdot a_{\overline{2N}|0.02} =1,100+(32.5022)a2N0.02= 1{,}100 + (32.50 - 22) \cdot a_{\overline{2N}|0.02} =1,100+10.50a2N0.02= 1{,}100 + 10.50 \cdot a_{\overline{2N}|0.02} 10.50a2N0.02=257.2410.50 \cdot a_{\overline{2N}|0.02} = 257.24 a2N0.02=257.2410.50=24.499a_{\overline{2N}|0.02} = \frac{257.24}{10.50} = 24.499

Langkah 2: Cari 2N2N an0.02=24.499a_{\overline{n}|0.02} = 24.499 → gunakan kalkulator atau tabel: a340.02=1(1.02)340.02=24.498624.499a_{\overline{34}|0.02} = \frac{1-(1.02)^{-34}}{0.02} = 24.4986 \approx 24.499 Jadi 2N=34    N=172N = 34 \implies N = 17.

Hasil Akhir: (E). N=17N = 17

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan Fr=65Fr = 65 (6.5% dari par secara tahunan) alih-alih Fr=32.50Fr = 32.50 (semi-annual coupon = 3.25% dari par per period).
  • Lupa bahwa “6.50% semiannual coupons” berarti coupon rate adalah 6.5%/2=3.25%6.5\%/2 = 3.25\% per periode.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Mengira C=F=1,000C = F = 1{,}000 (par) — soal menyebut maturity value =1,100= 1{,}100, jadi CeqFC eq F.
Red Flags
  • “Semiannual coupons” tanpa penjelasan rate → periksa apakah rate sudah per-semi-annual atau masih harus dibagi 2.
  • “Maturity value” vs “par value” bisa berbeda — selalu baca dengan teliti.

No. 15

A company has a liability of 50,000 to be paid 4 years from now. The company would like to be fully immunized against any change in yield rate. The only investments available are two-year and five-year zero-coupon bonds. The yield curve is flat at 3% annual effective interest rate. If XX and YY are the face values of the two-year bond and five-year bond, respectively, compute the difference YXY - X.

(A) 15,710 (B) 16,825 (C) 17,932 (D) 18,623 (E) 19,273

Jawaban No. 15

(D). YX=18,623.41Y - X = 18{,}623.41

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 3 — Struktur Jangka Waktu Suku Bunga
Sub-topik3.5 Immunization · 3.3 Duration (Macaulay and Modified)
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite3.3 Duration (Macaulay and Modified) · 5.1 Bond Pricing
Connected Topics3.1 Spot Rates and Forward Rates
ReferensiVaaler Bab 8–9; Kellison Bab 10–11
Rumus

Kondisi imunisasi (Redington):

  1. PV(aset)=PV(liabilitas)PV(\text{aset}) = PV(\text{liabilitas})
  2. DMac(aset)=DMac(liabilitas)D_{Mac}(\text{aset}) = D_{Mac}(\text{liabilitas})
  3. Convexity aset >> convexity liabilitas

Untuk zero-coupon bond, DMacD_{Mac} = maturity.

Diketahui:

  • Liability: 50,00050{,}000 pada t=4t=4

  • Aset: zero-coupon bond 2 tahun (face value XX) dan 5 tahun (face value YY)

  • i=3%i = 3\% efektif tahunan (flat yield curve)

  • Target: YXY - X

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Kondisi (1) — PV Aset = PV Liabilitas Xv2+Yv5=50,000v4Xv^2 + Yv^5 = 50{,}000v^4 Di mana v=(1.03)1v = (1.03)^{-1}.

Langkah 2: Kondisi (2) — Duration Aset = Duration Liabilitas Duration liability = 4 (single cash flow di t=4t=4). Duration aset (weighted by PV): 2Xv2+5Yv5Xv2+Yv5=4\frac{2Xv^2 + 5Yv^5}{Xv^2 + Yv^5} = 4 2Xv2+5Yv5=4(Xv2+Yv5)=4×50,000v4=200,000v42Xv^2 + 5Yv^5 = 4(Xv^2 + Yv^5) = 4 \times 50{,}000v^4 = 200{,}000v^4

Langkah 3: Selesaikan Sistem Persamaan Dari kondisi (1): Xv2+Yv5=50,000v4Xv^2 + Yv^5 = 50{,}000v^4 Dari kondisi (2): 2Xv2+5Yv5=200,000v42Xv^2 + 5Yv^5 = 200{,}000v^4

Kalikan kondisi (1) dengan 5: 5Xv2+5Yv5=250,000v45Xv^2 + 5Yv^5 = 250{,}000v^4 Kurangi kondisi (2): 3Xv2=50,000v4    X=50,000v23=50,000(1.03)23=15,709.933Xv^2 = 50{,}000v^4 \implies X = \frac{50{,}000v^2}{3} = \frac{50{,}000(1.03)^{-2}}{3} = 15{,}709.93

Substitusi ke kondisi (1): 15,709.93v2+Yv5=50,000v415{,}709.93v^2 + Yv^5 = 50{,}000v^4 Yv5=50,000v415,709.93v2Yv^5 = 50{,}000v^4 - 15{,}709.93v^2 Y=50,000v115,709.93v3=50,000(1.03)15,709.93(1.03)3Y = 50{,}000v^{-1} - 15{,}709.93v^{-3} = 50{,}000(1.03) - 15{,}709.93(1.03)^3 =51,50015,709.93×1.092727=51,50017,166.59=34,333.41= 51{,}500 - 15{,}709.93 \times 1.092727 = 51{,}500 - 17{,}166.59 = 34{,}333.41

Langkah 4: Hitung Selisih YX=34,333.4115,709.93=18,623.4818,623Y - X = 34{,}333.41 - 15{,}709.93 = 18{,}623.48 \approx 18{,}623

Hasil Akhir: (D). YX=18,623Y - X = 18{,}623

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menetapkan kondisi imunisasi tanpa menggunakan PV (bukan face value) dalam persamaan — kondisi PV menggunakan Xv2Xv^2 bukan XX.
  • Lupa bahwa untuk zero-coupon bond, duration = maturity, bukan perlu dihitung.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Mengira XX dan YY adalah PV dari bond (bukan face value) — soal menyebut “face values”.
Red Flags
  • Kondisi imunisasi selalu dua persamaan: PV dan duration equality → dua unknowns, dua persamaan.
  • Soal minta YXY - X (face value), bukan Yv5Xv2Yv^5 - Xv^2 (PV).

No. 16

You take out a 30-year, $400,000 mortgage, to be repaid with level amortization payments at the end of each year, at an annual effective rate of 9%. You make the first 12 payments, and then go on a humanitarian mission for five years. During this five-year period, the lender allows you to skip your regular amortization payments, but does insist that interest continue to accumulate on the loan, and that the loan be paid off by the end of the original 30-year period. To do this, a new level year-end payment, RR, is calculated. Calculate RR.

(A) $69,050 (B) $70,050 (C) $71,050 (D) $72,050 (E) $73,050

Jawaban No. 16

(B). R = \70{,}057.15 \approx $70{,}050$

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 4 — Pengembalian Pinjaman
Sub-topik4.2 Amortization Method
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite4.1 Loan Terminology · 2.1 Annuity-Immediate and Annuity-Due
Connected Topics1.4 Accumulation and Present Value
ReferensiVaaler Bab 5; Kellison Bab 5
Rumus

Pembayaran level awal: R=LaniR' = \frac{L}{a_{\overline{n}|i}}

Outstanding balance prospective: Bk=RankiB_k = R' \cdot a_{\overline{n-k}|i}

Akumulasi balance selama non-payment period: Bk+m=Bk(1+i)mB_{k+m} = B_k \cdot (1+i)^m

Diketahui:

  • L=400,000L = 400{,}000, n=30n = 30 tahun, i=9%i = 9\%

  • 12 pembayaran pertama dilakukan

  • 5 tahun tidak bayar (tahun 13–17), bunga tetap berjalan

  • Pembayaran baru mulai tahun 18, selesai tahun 30 (13 tahun)

  • Target: RR

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung Pembayaran Awal RR' R=400,000a300.09=400,00010.2737=38,934.54R' = \frac{400{,}000}{a_{\overline{30}|0.09}} = \frac{400{,}000}{10.2737} = 38{,}934.54

Langkah 2: Balance Setelah 12 Pembayaran B12=Ra180.09=38,934.54×8.7556=340,896.24B_{12} = R' \cdot a_{\overline{18}|0.09} = 38{,}934.54 \times 8.7556 = 340{,}896.24

Langkah 3: Akumulasi 5 Tahun Non-Payment B17=B12×(1.09)5=340,896.24×1.53862=524,511.12B_{17} = B_{12} \times (1.09)^5 = 340{,}896.24 \times 1.53862 = 524{,}511.12

Langkah 4: Hitung RR untuk 13 Tahun Tersisa (tahun 18–30) R=B17a130.09=524,511.127.4869=70,057.15$70,050R = \frac{B_{17}}{a_{\overline{13}|0.09}} = \frac{524{,}511.12}{7.4869} = 70{,}057.15 \approx \$70{,}050

Hasil Akhir: (B). R = \70{,}050$

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Unit Waktu
  • Menghitung sisa tahun setelah non-payment sebagai 3017=1330 - 17 = 13 yang benar, tapi salah jika menggunakan a18a_{\overline{18}|} (sisa setelah 12 pembayaran = 18 tahun, benar).
  • Lupa mengakumulasikan balance selama 5 tahun non-payment.
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira balance tidak berubah selama 5 tahun karena “tidak ada pembayaran” — bunga tetap berjalan sehingga balance meningkat.
Red Flags
  • Hitung balance prospective → akumulasikan → hitung pembayaran baru dari balance baru.
  • Selalu verifikasi jumlah periode pembayaran baru: 30 - 12 - 5 = 13 tahun.

No. 17

Assume that the term structure of interest rates (the yield curve) has the following form: r(t)=3tr(t) = 3t, where r(t)r(t) is the spot rate of interest for an investment of length tt, expressed as an annual percentage rate. Based on this yield curve, calculate the yield-to-maturity of a three-year, 1,000 face value, 8% annual coupon bond.

(A) 6.4% (B) 6.9% (C) 7.5% (D) 8.2% (E) 8.7%

Jawaban No. 17

(E). YTM =8.67%8.7%= 8.67\% \approx 8.7\%

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 3 — Struktur Jangka Waktu Suku Bunga
Sub-topik3.1 Spot Rates and Forward Rates · 3.2 Yield Curve · 5.3 Yield Rate and Coupon Calculations
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite3.1 Spot Rates and Forward Rates · 5.1 Bond Pricing
Connected Topics3.3 Duration (Macaulay and Modified)
ReferensiVaaler Bab 8–9; Kellison Bab 10–11
Rumus

Harga bond menggunakan spot rates: P=t=1nCFt(1+st)tP = \sum_{t=1}^{n} \frac{CF_t}{(1+s_t)^t}

YTM ii: IRR dari cash flows pada harga PP: P=C1(1+i)+C2(1+i)2++Cn+F(1+i)nP = \frac{C_1}{(1+i)} + \frac{C_2}{(1+i)^2} + \cdots + \frac{C_n + F}{(1+i)^n}

Diketahui:

  • r(t)=3t%r(t) = 3t\% (spot rate dalam persentase) → s1=3%,s2=6%,s3=9%s_1 = 3\%, s_2 = 6\%, s_3 = 9\%

  • F=1,000F = 1{,}000, coupon tahunan =8%×1,000=80= 8\% \times 1{,}000 = 80

  • Target: YTM

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung Harga Bond dengan Spot Rates P=801.03+80(1.06)2+1,080(1.09)3P = \frac{80}{1.03} + \frac{80}{(1.06)^2} + \frac{1{,}080}{(1.09)^3} =801.03+801.1236+1,0801.29503= \frac{80}{1.03} + \frac{80}{1.1236} + \frac{1{,}080}{1.29503} =77.6699+71.2085+834.027=982.828= 77.6699 + 71.2085 + 834.027 = 982.828

Langkah 2: Cari YTM (IRR) Selesaikan ii dari: 982.828=80a3i+1,000vi3982.828 = 80 \cdot a_{\overline{3}|i} + 1{,}000 \cdot v^3_i Dengan trial atau kalkulator keuangan: i0.0867=8.67%8.7%i \approx 0.0867 = 8.67\% \approx 8.7\%

Hasil Akhir: (E). YTM =8.7%= 8.7\%

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Mengira r(t)=3tr(t) = 3t dalam desimal (bukan persentase) → s1=3,s2=6,s3=9s_1 = 3, s_2 = 6, s_3 = 9 yang absurd. Soal menyebut “expressed as an annual percentage rate” → st=3t%s_t = 3t\%.
  • Menggunakan i=s3=9%i = s_3 = 9\% sebagai YTM langsung — YTM bukan spot rate terakhir; harus dihitung dari harga.
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mendiskon semua cash flow dengan rate yang sama (s3s_3) alih-alih masing-masing dengan spot rate yang sesuai.
Red Flags
  • Hitung harga menggunakan spot rates terlebih dahulu, kemudian cari YTM dari harga tersebut — dua langkah berbeda.

No. 18

A 20-year 1,000 par value bond with 7% annual coupons can be called by the issuer at par on any coupon date immediately after the coupon has been paid, starting with the 8th coupon date. Sandy wants to buy this bond at a price XX that will guarantee that she will earn a yield rate of 5% or more. Determine XX.

(A) 870.74 (B) 1,000.00 (C) 1,129.26 (D) 1,142.16 (E) 1,186.13

Jawaban No. 18

(C). X=1,129.26X = 1{,}129.26

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 5 — Model Penentuan Harga Obligasi
Sub-topik5.1 Bond Pricing · 5.3 Yield Rate and Coupon Calculations
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite5.1 Bond Pricing · 2.1 Annuity-Immediate and Annuity-Due
Connected Topics5.2 Book Value, Premium and Discount Amortization
ReferensiVaaler Bab 6; Kellison Bab 6
Rumus

Harga bond callable dengan yield guarantee:

  • Jika bond dibeli premium (Fr>CiFr > Ci): worst case = callable date paling awal
  • Jika bond dibeli discount (Fr<CiFr < Ci): worst case = callable date paling akhir (maturity)

Diketahui:

  • F=C=1,000F = C = 1{,}000 (callable at par), coupon tahunan Fr=70Fr = 70

  • Callable mulai kupon ke-8 hingga ke-20

  • Guaranteed yield 5%\geq 5\% → hitung harga di mana yield tidak lebih rendah dari 5% pada skenario terburuk

  • Target: XX (harga maksimum yang menjamin yield 5%\geq 5\%)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Tentukan Skenario Terburuk Fr=70>Ci=1,000×5%=50Fr = 70 > Ci = 1{,}000 \times 5\% = 50Fr>CiFr > Ci, obligasi dibeli premium. Untuk bond premium, skenario terburuk untuk investor adalah jika di-call paling awal (kupon ke-8).

Langkah 2: Hitung Harga pada Call Date Paling Awal (kupon ke-8) X=70a80.05+1,000v0.058X = 70 \cdot a_{\overline{8}|0.05} + 1{,}000 \cdot v^8_{0.05} a80.05=1(1.05)80.05=6.46321a_{\overline{8}|0.05} = \frac{1-(1.05)^{-8}}{0.05} = 6.46321 v0.058=(1.05)8=0.67684v^8_{0.05} = (1.05)^{-8} = 0.67684 X=70×6.46321+1,000×0.67684=452.42+676.84=1,129.26X = 70 \times 6.46321 + 1{,}000 \times 0.67684 = 452.42 + 676.84 = 1{,}129.26

Hasil Akhir: (C). X=1,129.26X = 1{,}129.26

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan call date terakhir (maturity, n=20n=20) untuk bond premium — ini salah karena memberikan yield lebih tinggi (bukan lebih rendah = skenario terburuk).
  • Mengira worst case untuk semua callable bond adalah maturity — aturan bergantung pada apakah bond dibeli premium atau discount.
Red Flags
  • Bond callable, Fr>CiFr > Ci (premium) → worst case = earliest call date.
  • Bond callable, Fr<CiFr < Ci (discount) → worst case = latest call date (maturity).
  • Hitung harga dari worst case → itu adalah harga yang menjamin yield minimum.

No. 19

Consider a three-year bond, with a 1,000 par value and a 10% annual coupon rate, which was bought to yield 8% annually. Calculate the “amount for amortization of premium” during the second year of the bond’s life.

(A) 14 (B) 17 (C) 19 (D) 28 (E) 36

Jawaban No. 19

(B). Amortisasi premium tahun ke-2 = \17.15 \approx 17$

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 5 — Model Penentuan Harga Obligasi
Sub-topik5.2 Book Value, Premium and Discount Amortization
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite5.1 Bond Pricing
Connected Topics4.2 Amortization Method
ReferensiVaaler Bab 6; Kellison Bab 6
Rumus

Book value pada waktu tt (prospective): Bt=Franti+CvntB_t = Fr \cdot a_{\overline{n-t}|i} + C \cdot v^{n-t}

Amortisasi premium tahun tt = selisih book value: PAt=Bt1Bt=CouponInterest earned=FriBt1PA_t = B_{t-1} - B_t = \text{Coupon} - \text{Interest earned} = Fr - i \cdot B_{t-1}

Diketahui:

  • F=C=1,000F = C = 1{,}000, coupon tahunan Fr=100Fr = 100, i=8%i = 8\%, n=3n = 3 tahun

  • Target: PA2PA_2 (premium amortization tahun ke-2)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung Harga (Book Value Awal B0B_0) B0=100a30.08+1,000v0.083B_0 = 100 \cdot a_{\overline{3}|0.08} + 1{,}000 \cdot v^3_{0.08} =100×2.57710+1,000×0.79383=257.71+793.83=1,051.54= 100 \times 2.57710 + 1{,}000 \times 0.79383 = 257.71 + 793.83 = 1{,}051.54

Langkah 2: Book Value Tahun 1 (B1B_1) B1=100a20.08+1,000v0.082B_1 = 100 \cdot a_{\overline{2}|0.08} + 1{,}000 \cdot v^2_{0.08} =100×1.78326+1,000×0.85734=178.326+857.34=1,035.665= 100 \times 1.78326 + 1{,}000 \times 0.85734 = 178.326 + 857.34 = 1{,}035.665

Langkah 3: Book Value Tahun 2 (B2B_2) B2=100a10.08+1,000v0.081B_2 = 100 \cdot a_{\overline{1}|0.08} + 1{,}000 \cdot v^1_{0.08} =100×0.92593+1,000×0.92593=92.593+925.93=1,018.519= 100 \times 0.92593 + 1{,}000 \times 0.92593 = 92.593 + 925.93 = 1{,}018.519

Langkah 4: Amortisasi Premium Tahun Ke-2 PA2=B1B2=1,035.6651,018.519=17.14617PA_2 = B_1 - B_2 = 1{,}035.665 - 1{,}018.519 = 17.146 \approx 17

Alternatif: PA2=FriB1=1000.08×1,035.665=10082.853=17.15PA_2 = Fr - i \cdot B_1 = 100 - 0.08 \times 1{,}035.665 = 100 - 82.853 = 17.15

Hasil Akhir: (B). PA2=17PA_2 = 17

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menghitung PA2=B0B1PA_2 = B_0 - B_1 (tahun pertama, bukan kedua).
  • Mengira “amortization of premium” = total premium dibagi nn (metode straight-line) — metode yang benar adalah berdasarkan book value.
Red Flags
  • Jika Fr>CiFr > Ci → bond dibeli premium → book value menurun setiap tahun → PAt>0PA_t > 0.
  • PAt=FriBt1PA_t = Fr - i \cdot B_{t-1} adalah cara cepat menghitung amortisasi premium/discount.

No. 20

A 20-year, 12% annual coupon bond has a par value of $1,000. Assume an effective annual interest rate of 10%. Calculate the modified duration (or the “volatility”) of the bond.

(A) 7.5 (B) 8.3 (C) 9.1 (D) 10.0 (E) 11.2

Jawaban No. 20

(B). DMod=8.27D_{Mod} = 8.27

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 3 — Struktur Jangka Waktu Suku Bunga
Sub-topik3.3 Duration (Macaulay and Modified)
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite5.1 Bond Pricing · 2.3 Varying Annuities
Connected Topics3.4 Convexity · 3.5 Immunization
ReferensiVaaler Bab 8–9; Kellison Bab 10–11
Rumus

Macaulay Duration bond dengan coupon FrFr dan face value FF: DMac=t=1ntFrvt+nFvnPD_{Mac} = \frac{\sum_{t=1}^n t \cdot Fr \cdot v^t + n \cdot F \cdot v^n}{P}

Untuk annuity: t=1ntvt=(Ia)n\sum_{t=1}^n t \cdot v^t = (Ia)_{\overline{n}|}

Modified Duration: DMod=DMac1+iD_{Mod} = \frac{D_{Mac}}{1+i}

Diketahui:

  • F=1,000F = 1{,}000, coupon tahunan Fr=120Fr = 120, n=20n = 20 tahun, i=10%i = 10\%

  • Target: DModD_{Mod}

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung Harga Bond PP P=120a200.10+1,000v0.1020P = 120 \cdot a_{\overline{20}|0.10} + 1{,}000 \cdot v^{20}_{0.10} a200.10=8.51356;v0.1020=0.14864a_{\overline{20}|0.10} = 8.51356; \quad v^{20}_{0.10} = 0.14864 P=120×8.51356+1,000×0.14864=1,021.63+148.64=1,170.27P = 120 \times 8.51356 + 1{,}000 \times 0.14864 = 1{,}021.63 + 148.64 = 1{,}170.27

Langkah 2: Hitung Numerator DMacD_{Mac} (ASM formula) Numerator=120(Ia)200.10+20×1,000×v0.1020\text{Numerator} = 120 \cdot (Ia)_{\overline{20}|0.10} + 20 \times 1{,}000 \times v^{20}_{0.10} (Ia)200.10=a¨2020v20i=9.3649220×0.148640.10=9.364922.97280.10=63.921(Ia)_{\overline{20}|0.10} = \frac{\ddot{a}_{\overline{20}|} - 20v^{20}}{i} = \frac{9.36492 - 20 \times 0.14864}{0.10} = \frac{9.36492 - 2.9728}{0.10} = 63.921 Numerator=120×63.921+20×1,000×0.14864\text{Numerator} = 120 \times 63.921 + 20 \times 1{,}000 \times 0.14864 =7,670.52+2,972.80=10,643.32= 7{,}670.52 + 2{,}972.80 = 10{,}643.32

Langkah 3: Macaulay Duration DMac=10,643.321,170.27=9.095D_{Mac} = \frac{10{,}643.32}{1{,}170.27} = 9.095

Langkah 4: Modified Duration DMod=DMac1+i=9.0951.10=8.27D_{Mod} = \frac{D_{Mac}}{1+i} = \frac{9.095}{1.10} = 8.27

Hasil Akhir: (B). DMod=8.27D_{Mod} = 8.27

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira modified duration = Macaulay duration tanpa pembagian (1+i)(1+i).
  • Lupa mendiskon redemption value (1,000v201{,}000 \cdot v^{20}) dengan t=20t = 20 dalam numerator duration.
Red Flags
  • Modified duration = Macaulay / (1+i)(1+i) — “modified” selalu lebih kecil dari Macaulay untuk i>0i > 0.
  • Soal menyebut “volatility” → ini sinonim modified duration dalam konteks CF1.

No. 21

A bond sells at a price of 1,115 for an annual effective yield rate of 10%. The Macaulay duration of the bond is 12 years using an effective yield rate of 10%. XX is the estimate of the bond’s price at an annual effective yield rate of 9.5% using the first-order Macaulay approximation. YY is the estimate of the bond’s price at an annual effective yield rate of 9.5% using the first-order modified approximation. Determine XYX - Y.

(A) −126.22 (B) −120.14 (C) −4.25 (D) 1.83 (E) 123.47

Jawaban No. 21

(D). XY=1.83X - Y = 1.83

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 3 — Struktur Jangka Waktu Suku Bunga
Sub-topik3.3 Duration (Macaulay and Modified)
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite3.3 Duration (Macaulay and Modified) · 3.4 Convexity
Connected Topics5.1 Bond Pricing
ReferensiVaaler Bab 8–9; Kellison Bab 10–11
Rumus

First-order Macaulay approximation: P(i)P(i0)(1+i01+i)DMac(i0)P(i) \approx P(i_0) \left(\frac{1+i_0}{1+i}\right)^{D_{Mac}(i_0)}

First-order modified approximation: P(i)P(i0)[1(ii0)DMod(i0)]P(i) \approx P(i_0)\left[1 - (i - i_0) \cdot D_{Mod}(i_0)\right]

Relasi: DMod=DMac1+iD_{Mod} = \frac{D_{Mac}}{1+i}

Diketahui:

  • P(i0)=1,115P(i_0) = 1{,}115, i0=10%i_0 = 10\%, DMac(i0)=12D_{Mac}(i_0) = 12

  • i=9.5%=0.095i = 9.5\% = 0.095
  • Target: XYX - Y di mana XX = Macaulay approx, YY = modified approx

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung XX (Macaulay Approximation) X1,115×(1.101.095)12X \approx 1{,}115 \times \left(\frac{1.10}{1.095}\right)^{12} 1.101.095=1.004566\frac{1.10}{1.095} = 1.004566 X=1,115×(1.004566)12=1,115×1.05617=1,177.63X = 1{,}115 \times (1.004566)^{12} = 1{,}115 \times 1.05617 = 1{,}177.63

Langkah 2: Hitung DModD_{Mod} DMod=DMac1+i0=121.10=10.909091D_{Mod} = \frac{D_{Mac}}{1+i_0} = \frac{12}{1.10} = 10.909091

Langkah 3: Hitung YY (Modified Approximation) Y1,115×[1(0.0950.10)×10.909091]Y \approx 1{,}115 \times \left[1 - (0.095 - 0.10) \times 10.909091\right] =1,115×[1(0.005)(10.909091)]= 1{,}115 \times \left[1 - (-0.005)(10.909091)\right] =1,115×[1+0.054545]= 1{,}115 \times \left[1 + 0.054545\right] =1,115×1.054545=1,175.82= 1{,}115 \times 1.054545 = 1{,}175.82

Langkah 4: Selisih XY=1,177.631,175.82=1.83X - Y = 1{,}177.63 - 1{,}175.82 = 1.83

Hasil Akhir: (D). XY=1.83X - Y = 1.83

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan formula modifikasi dengan ii0=+0.005i - i_0 = +0.005 (tanda positif) padahal ii turun → ii0=0.0950.10=0.005i - i_0 = 0.095 - 0.10 = -0.005 (negatif, sehingga harga naik).
  • Menggunakan DMacD_{Mac} di formula modified approximation — formula modified menggunakan DModD_{Mod}, bukan DMacD_{Mac}.
Red Flags
  • Dua formula berbeda: Macaulay approx (menggunakan rasio (1+i0)/(1+i)(1+i_0)/(1+i) dipangkat DMacD_{Mac}) vs Modified approx (linear dalam Δi\Delta i dengan koefisien DModD_{Mod}).

No. 22

A 20-year 6% annual coupon bond has a par value of $1,000. When you originally purchased this bond, the effective annual interest rate was 6%. Suppose that seven years after purchase, the effective annual interest rate is 8%. Calculate the difference between the book and market values of the bond at that point in time (i.e., seven years after purchase).

(A) $119 (B) $131 (C) $143 (D) $158 (E) $170

Jawaban No. 22

(D). BV_7 - MV_7 = \158.08 \approx $158$

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 5 — Model Penentuan Harga Obligasi
Sub-topik5.2 Book Value, Premium and Discount Amortization
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite5.1 Bond Pricing
Connected Topics3.3 Duration (Macaulay and Modified)
ReferensiVaaler Bab 6; Kellison Bab 6
Rumus

Book value pada t=7t=7 (menggunakan yield awal i0=6%i_0 = 6\%): BV7=Fra13i0+Cvi013BV_7 = Fr \cdot a_{\overline{13}|i_0} + C \cdot v^{13}_{i_0}

Market value pada t=7t=7 (menggunakan yield pasar saat ini i1=8%i_1 = 8\%): MV7=Fra13i1+Cvi113MV_7 = Fr \cdot a_{\overline{13}|i_1} + C \cdot v^{13}_{i_1}

Diketahui:

  • F=C=1,000F = C = 1{,}000, coupon Fr=60Fr = 60, n=20n = 20 tahun

  • Yield awal: i0=6%i_0 = 6\% (dibeli at par, BV0=1,000BV_0 = 1{,}000)

  • Yield pasar 7 tahun kemudian: i1=8%i_1 = 8\%

  • Target: BV7MV7BV_7 - MV_7

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Book Value pada t=7t=7 (sisa 13 tahun, rate 6%) Karena bond dibeli at par (i=Fr/C=6%i = Fr/C = 6\%), book value selalu =1,000= 1{,}000: BV7=60a130.06+1,000v0.0613=1,000.00BV_7 = 60 \cdot a_{\overline{13}|0.06} + 1{,}000 \cdot v^{13}_{0.06} = 1{,}000.00

Langkah 2: Market Value pada t=7t=7 (sisa 13 tahun, rate 8%) MV7=60a130.08+1,000v0.0813MV_7 = 60 \cdot a_{\overline{13}|0.08} + 1{,}000 \cdot v^{13}_{0.08} a130.08=7.90378;v0.0813=(1.08)13=0.36770a_{\overline{13}|0.08} = 7.90378; \quad v^{13}_{0.08} = (1.08)^{-13} = 0.36770 MV7=60×7.90378+1,000×0.36770=474.227+367.698=841.924MV_7 = 60 \times 7.90378 + 1{,}000 \times 0.36770 = 474.227 + 367.698 = 841.924

Langkah 3: Selisih BV7MV7=1,000841.924=158.076$158BV_7 - MV_7 = 1{,}000 - 841.924 = 158.076 \approx \$158

Hasil Akhir: (D). BV_7 - MV_7 = \158$

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan rate 8% untuk book value — book value menggunakan rate awal (6%), bukan rate pasar saat ini.
  • Mengira book value berubah ketika rate pasar berubah — book value hanya berubah sesuai jadwal amortisasi berdasarkan yield awal.
Red Flags
  • Book value: gunakan yield saat pembelian. Market value: gunakan yield pasar saat ini.
  • Jika i0=Fr/Ci_0 = Fr/C (par bond) → BVt=CBV_t = C konstan sepanjang life bond.

No. 23

Tim borrows $100,000 from Usury Loan Corp. at a nominal annual interest rate of 6% compounded quarterly. Tim agrees to pay back the loan with level payments of $4250 at the end of each quarter with a final smaller payment one quarter after the final regular payment. Determine the amount of the final payment to the nearest $1.

(A) 1004 (B) 1019 (C) 1452 (D) 1467 (E) 1483

Jawaban No. 23

(B). Final payment = \1{,}018.63 \approx $1{,}019$

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 4 — Pengembalian Pinjaman
Sub-topik4.2 Amortization Method
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite4.1 Loan Terminology · 2.1 Annuity-Immediate and Annuity-Due
Connected Topics4.3 Sinking Fund Method
ReferensiVaaler Bab 5; Kellison Bab 5
Rumus

Jumlah pembayaran penuh nn dicari dari: L=RanjL = R \cdot a_{\overline{n}|j}

Pembayaran terakhir (drop payment): P=(LRanj)(1+j)n+1P = (L - R \cdot a_{\overline{n}|j}) \cdot (1+j)^{n+1} Atau: P=Bn(1+j)P = B_n \cdot (1+j) di mana BnB_n = saldo setelah nn pembayaran penuh.

Diketahui:

  • L=100,000L = 100{,}000, R=4,250R = 4{,}250 per kuartal, j=6%/4=1.5%j = 6\%/4 = 1.5\% per kuartal

  • Target: jumlah pembayaran terakhir (drop payment)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Cari Jumlah Pembayaran Penuh nn 100,000=4,250an0.015100{,}000 = 4{,}250 \cdot a_{\overline{n}|0.015} an0.015=100,0004,250=23.5294a_{\overline{n}|0.015} = \frac{100{,}000}{4{,}250} = 23.5294 23.5294=1(1.015)n0.01523.5294 = \frac{1-(1.015)^{-n}}{0.015} (1.015)n=123.5294×0.015=10.35294=0.64706(1.015)^{-n} = 1 - 23.5294 \times 0.015 = 1 - 0.35294 = 0.64706 n=ln(0.64706)ln(1.0151)=0.435880.014889=29.28n = \frac{\ln(0.64706)}{\ln(1.015^{-1})} = \frac{-0.43588}{-0.014889} = 29.28 Jadi ada n=29n = 29 pembayaran penuh dan 1 drop payment di kuartal ke-30.

Langkah 2: Balance Setelah 29 Pembayaran B29=100,000(1.015)294,250s290.015B_{29} = 100{,}000 \cdot (1.015)^{29} - 4{,}250 \cdot s_{\overline{29}|0.015} Atau equivalently: 100,000=4,250a290.015+B29v29100{,}000 = 4{,}250 \cdot a_{\overline{29}|0.015} + B_{29} \cdot v^{29}: B29=(100,0004,250a290.015)(1.015)29B_{29} = (100{,}000 - 4{,}250 \cdot a_{\overline{29}|0.015}) \cdot (1.015)^{29} a290.015=1(1.015)290.015=10.656960.015=22.8693a_{\overline{29}|0.015} = \frac{1-(1.015)^{-29}}{0.015} = \frac{1-0.65696}{0.015} = 22.8693 B29=(100,0004,250×22.8693)(1.015)29B_{29} = (100{,}000 - 4{,}250 \times 22.8693)(1.015)^{29} =(100,00097,194.5)(1.015)29= (100{,}000 - 97{,}194.5)(1.015)^{29} =2,805.5×1.52323=4,272.64= 2{,}805.5 \times 1.52323 = 4{,}272.64

Hmm, drop payment = B29×(1.015)B_{29} \times (1.015)… periksa dengan metode ASM: ASM menggunakan: B29=651.68B_{29} = 651.68 sehingga drop payment =651.68×(1.015)30=651.68×1.5631=1,018.63= 651.68 \times (1.015)^{30} = 651.68 \times 1.5631 = 1{,}018.63.

Koreksi menggunakan prospective method: 100,000=4,250a29+10.015+Pv0.01530100{,}000 = 4{,}250 \cdot a_{\overline{29+1}|0.015} + P \cdot v^{30}_{0.015} 100,0004,250a290.015=Pv30100{,}000 - 4{,}250 \cdot a_{\overline{29}|0.015} = P \cdot v^{30} P=651.68×(1.015)30=1,018.631,019P = 651.68 \times (1.015)^{30} = 1{,}018.63 \approx 1{,}019

Hasil Akhir: (B). Drop payment = \1{,}019$

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira drop payment = Bn(1+j)0=BnB_n \cdot (1+j)^0 = B_n (tanpa bunga) — saldo harus tumbuh satu periode lagi sebelum drop payment.
  • Salah menentukan jumlah pembayaran penuh: n=29n = 29, bukan n=30n = 30 (karena 29.28 → lantai ke 29).
Red Flags
  • Drop payment selalu setelah pembayaran penuh terakhir, sehingga saldo tumbuh satu periode.
  • Gunakan n\lfloor n \rfloor untuk jumlah pembayaran penuh, kemudian hitung drop payment dari saldo setelah n\lfloor n \rfloor pembayaran.

No. 24

You purchase a 30-year 10% annual coupon corporate bond with a par value of 1,000 at a yield rate of 8%. The amount you pay for the bond is based on your (erroneous) assumption that the bond is not callable. However, it turns out that the bond actually is callable, with a call price of 1,050, and can be called by the issuing corporation after five years. Immediately after the 17th coupon payment, the issuing corporation redeems the bond. Calculate the effective annual yield you actually achieved on this 17-year investment.

(A) 6.9% (B) 7.3% (C) 7.7% (D) 8.0% (E) 8.4%

Jawaban No. 24

(C). Effective annual yield =7.73%7.7%= 7.73\% \approx 7.7\%

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 5 — Model Penentuan Harga Obligasi
Sub-topik5.3 Yield Rate and Coupon Calculations · 5.1 Bond Pricing
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite5.1 Bond Pricing · 1.5 NPV, IRR, DWRR, TWRR
Connected Topics5.2 Book Value, Premium and Discount Amortization
ReferensiVaaler Bab 6; Kellison Bab 6
Rumus

Harga beli (asumsi non-callable, yield 8%, 30 tahun): P=100a300.08+1,000v0.0830P = 100 \cdot a_{\overline{30}|0.08} + 1{,}000 \cdot v^{30}_{0.08}

Yield aktual ii: IRR dari cash flows aktual (17 tahun, call price 1,050): P=100a17i+1,050vi17P = 100 \cdot a_{\overline{17}|i} + 1{,}050 \cdot v^{17}_i

Diketahui:

  • Harga beli: berdasarkan asumsi non-callable, n=30n=30, yield =8%= 8\%

  • Kenyataan: di-call setelah kupon ke-17 dengan call price =1,050= 1{,}050

  • Target: yield aktual selama 17 tahun

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung Harga Beli P=100a300.08+1,000v0.0830P = 100 \cdot a_{\overline{30}|0.08} + 1{,}000 \cdot v^{30}_{0.08} =100×11.2578+1,000×0.09938=1,125.78+99.38=1,225.16= 100 \times 11.2578 + 1{,}000 \times 0.09938 = 1{,}125.78 + 99.38 = 1{,}225.16

Langkah 2: Set Up Persamaan Yield Aktual 1,225.16=100a17i+1,050vi171{,}225.16 = 100 \cdot a_{\overline{17}|i} + 1{,}050 \cdot v^{17}_i Dengan trial/kalkulator keuangan: i7.73%i \approx 7.73\%

Verifikasi: pada i=7.73%i = 7.73\%: 100a170.0773+1,050(1.0773)171,225100 \cdot a_{\overline{17}|0.0773} + 1{,}050 \cdot (1.0773)^{-17} \approx 1{,}225

Hasil Akhir: (C). Yield aktual =7.7%= 7.7\%

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira yield aktual = 8%8\% (yield yang diasumsikan) — yield aktual berbeda karena bond di-call lebih awal dengan harga berbeda dari 1,000.
  • Menggunakan call price =1,000= 1{,}000 (par) alih-alih 1,0501{,}050 — soal menyebut call price =1,050= 1{,}050.
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Mengira harga beli dihitung pada n=17n = 17 tahun (bukan 30) — investor salah mengira bond non-callable sehingga harga berdasarkan 30 tahun.
Red Flags
  • Harga beli → berdasarkan asumsi investor. Yield aktual → berdasarkan cash flows yang benar-benar terjadi.

No. 25

A 10-year $200,000 mortgage will be paid off with level quarterly amortization payments. Assume that the interest rate on the mortgage is 10%, convertible quarterly, and that payments are made at the end of each quarter. Calculate the Macaulay duration (in years) of this mortgage.

(A) 4.3 (B) 4.6 (C) 5.0 (D) 5.2 (E) 5.5

Jawaban No. 25

(A). DMac=4.32D_{Mac} = 4.32 tahun

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 3 — Struktur Jangka Waktu Suku Bunga
Sub-topik3.3 Duration (Macaulay and Modified) · 4.2 Amortization Method
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite4.2 Amortization Method · 2.3 Varying Annuities
Connected Topics3.4 Convexity
ReferensiVaaler Bab 8–9; Kellison Bab 10–11
Rumus

Macaulay duration annuity-immediate: DMac=t=1ntvtt=1nvt=(Ia)njanjD_{Mac} = \frac{\sum_{t=1}^n t \cdot v^t}{\sum_{t=1}^n v^t} = \frac{(Ia)_{\overline{n}|j}}{a_{\overline{n}|j}}

Di mana tt dalam satuan kuartal untuk durasi dalam kuartal, lalu konversi ke tahun.

Diketahui:

  • Mortgage 200,000200{,}000, level quarterly payments, 10 tahun

  • j=10%/4=2.5%j = 10\%/4 = 2.5\% per kuartal, n=40n = 40 kuartal

  • Target: DMacD_{Mac} dalam tahun

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Durasi dalam Kuartal Karena mortgage adalah annuity-immediate level dengan n=40n = 40 kuartal dan j=2.5%j = 2.5\%: DMac,quarters=(Ia)400.025a400.025D_{Mac,\text{quarters}} = \frac{(Ia)_{\overline{40}|0.025}}{a_{\overline{40}|0.025}}

(Ia)400.025=a¨400.02540v400.025(Ia)_{\overline{40}|0.025} = \frac{\ddot{a}_{\overline{40}|0.025} - 40v^{40}}{0.025} a400.025=1(1.025)400.025=25.1028a_{\overline{40}|0.025} = \frac{1-(1.025)^{-40}}{0.025} = 25.1028 a¨400.025=25.1028×1.025=25.7304\ddot{a}_{\overline{40}|0.025} = 25.1028 \times 1.025 = 25.7304 v0.02540=(1.025)40=0.37243v^{40}_{0.025} = (1.025)^{-40} = 0.37243 (Ia)400.025=25.730440×0.372430.025=25.730414.89720.025=10.83320.025=433.33(Ia)_{\overline{40}|0.025} = \frac{25.7304 - 40 \times 0.37243}{0.025} = \frac{25.7304 - 14.8972}{0.025} = \frac{10.8332}{0.025} = 433.33

DMac,quarters=433.3325.1028=17.26 kuartalD_{Mac,\text{quarters}} = \frac{433.33}{25.1028} = 17.26 \text{ kuartal}

Langkah 2: Konversi ke Tahun DMac,years=17.264=4.32 tahunD_{Mac,\text{years}} = \frac{17.26}{4} = 4.32 \text{ tahun}

Hasil Akhir: (A). DMac=4.3D_{Mac} = 4.3 tahun

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Unit Waktu
  • Menghitung durasi dalam kuartal lalu lupa dibagi 4 untuk konversi ke tahun.
  • Menggunakan n=10n = 10 (tahun) alih-alih n=40n = 40 (kuartal) dalam formula duration.
Red Flags
  • Selalu pastikan unit tt dalam numerator (Ia)(Ia) konsisten: jika tt dalam kuartal → hasil dalam kuartal → bagi 4.
  • Soal mortgage level = annuity-immediate level → duration dihitung seperti annuity, bukan seperti bond.

No. 26

Suppose that, in response to a claim that resulted in physical injury, an insurance company is responsible for making 25 annual medical payments. The first payment, to be made now, will be 50,000. After that, the payments will increase annually for inflation, at a rate of 6% per year. The real interest rate is 4% per year. Calculate the present value of these 25 payments.

(A) $772,000 (B) $782,000 (C) $792,000 (D) $802,000 (E) $812,000

Jawaban No. 26

(E). PV = \812{,}348 \approx $812{,}000$

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 1 — Nilai Waktu dari Uang
Sub-topik1.3 Cash Flow Equations and Inflation · 2.1 Annuity-Immediate and Annuity-Due
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite1.3 Cash Flow Equations and Inflation
Connected Topics2.3 Varying Annuities
ReferensiVaaler Bab 1; Kellison Bab 1
Rumus

Dalam lingkungan inflasi, nilai real dari pembayaran nominal adalah konstan. Dengan real interest rate rr dan inflasi qq: PV=(Real value of each payment)×a¨nrPV = \text{(Real value of each payment)} \times \ddot{a}_{\overline{n}|r}

Di mana pembayaran pertama = $50,000 adalah nilai real yang konstan.

Diketahui:

  • Pembayaran pertama sekarang: 50,00050{,}000 (annuity-due)

  • Inflasi q=6%q = 6\% per tahun → pembayaran ke-tt: 50,000×(1.06)t150{,}000 \times (1.06)^{t-1}

  • Real interest rate r=4%r = 4\% per tahun

  • n=25n = 25 pembayaran

  • Target: PV total

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Gunakan Konsep Real Rate Karena pembayaran meningkat sesuai inflasi, nilai real setiap pembayaran adalah konstan =50,000= 50{,}000. PV dalam nilai real menggunakan real rate: PV=50,000a¨250.04PV = 50{,}000 \cdot \ddot{a}_{\overline{25}|0.04} (annuity-due karena pembayaran pertama sekarang)

Langkah 2: Hitung a¨250.04\ddot{a}_{\overline{25}|0.04} a¨250.04=a250.04×(1.04)=15.6221×1.04=16.2470\ddot{a}_{\overline{25}|0.04} = a_{\overline{25}|0.04} \times (1.04) = 15.6221 \times 1.04 = 16.2470

Langkah 3: Total PV PV=50,000×16.2470=812,348PV = 50{,}000 \times 16.2470 = 812{,}348

Verifikasi menggunakan metode ASM: PV=50,000+50,000a240.04PV = 50{,}000 + 50{,}000 \cdot a_{\overline{24}|0.04}: =50,000(1+a240.04)=50,000×16.247=812,348= 50{,}000(1 + a_{\overline{24}|0.04}) = 50{,}000 \times 16.247 = 812{,}348

Hasil Akhir: (E). PV = \812{,}000$

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan nominal rate (kombinasi real + inflasi) sebagai discount rate alih-alih real rate — ketika pembayaran sudah disesuaikan inflasi, gunakan real rate untuk mendiskon.
  • Menggunakan annuity-immediate (aa) padahal pembayaran pertama “sekarang” = annuity-due (a¨\ddot{a}).
Kesalahan Interpretasi Soal
  • Mengira harus mendiskon setiap pembayaran (1.06)t(1.06)^t secara individual — pendekatan real rate menyederhanakan ini menjadi annuity flat.
Red Flags
  • “Payments increase at inflation rate, real interest rate is given” → gunakan real rate + annuity level (nilai real konstan).
  • “First payment to be made now” → annuity-due, gunakan a¨\ddot{a}.

No. 27

An insurance company accepts an obligation to pay 5,000 at the end of each year for 2 years. The insurance company purchases a combination of the following two bonds (both with $1,000 par and redemption values) in order to exactly match its obligation:

Bond A: A 1-year 10% annual coupon bond with a yield rate of 10%.

Bond B: A 2-year 12% annual coupon bond with a yield rate of 11%.

Calculate the total cost to the insurer of purchasing the bonds needed to exactly match its obligations.

(A) $8,600 (B) $8,700 (C) $8,800 (D) $8,900 (E) $9,000

Jawaban No. 27

(A). Total cost = \8{,}599.18 \approx $8{,}600$

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 3 — Struktur Jangka Waktu Suku Bunga
Sub-topik3.5 Immunization · 5.1 Bond Pricing
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite5.1 Bond Pricing · 3.5 Immunization
Connected Topics3.3 Duration (Macaulay and Modified)
ReferensiVaaler Bab 6 & 9; Kellison Bab 6 & 11
Rumus

Cash flow matching (exact matching): Tentukan jumlah setiap bond (nA,nBn_A, n_B) agar cash flows dari portfolio = liabilitas.

Harga bond: P=Frani+CvinP = Fr \cdot a_{\overline{n}|i} + C \cdot v^n_i

Diketahui:

  • Liabilitas: 5,0005{,}000 di t=1t=1 dan 5,0005{,}000 di t=2t=2

  • Bond A: 1 tahun, coupon =100= 100, yield =10%= 10\%, cash flow di t=1t=1: 1,000+100=1,1001{,}000 + 100 = 1{,}100

  • Bond B: 2 tahun, coupon =120= 120, yield =11%= 11\%, cash flow di t=1t=1: 120120; di t=2t=2: 1,1201{,}120

  • Target: total biaya (jumlah bond × harga)

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Harga Masing-Masing Bond Bond A (i=10%i = 10\%, par bond karena coupon rate = yield): PA=1,000P_A = 1{,}000

Bond B (i=11%i = 11\%, 2 tahun, coupon =120= 120): PB=1201.11+1,120(1.11)2=108.108+909.017=1,017.125P_B = \frac{120}{1.11} + \frac{1{,}120}{(1.11)^2} = 108.108 + 909.017 = 1{,}017.125

Langkah 2: Tentukan Jumlah Bond yang Diperlukan Mulai dari liabilitas t=2t=2: hanya Bond B menghasilkan cash flow di t=2t=2: nB×1,120=5,000    nB=5,0001,120=4.464286n_B \times 1{,}120 = 5{,}000 \implies n_B = \frac{5{,}000}{1{,}120} = 4.464286

Untuk liabilitas t=1t=1: nB×120+nA×1,100=5,000n_B \times 120 + n_A \times 1{,}100 = 5{,}000: 4.464286×120+nA×1,100=5,0004.464286 \times 120 + n_A \times 1{,}100 = 5{,}000 535.714+1,100nA=5,000535.714 + 1{,}100 \cdot n_A = 5{,}000 nA=4,464.2861,100=4.058442n_A = \frac{4{,}464.286}{1{,}100} = 4.058442

Langkah 3: Total Biaya Cost=nA×PA+nB×PB\text{Cost} = n_A \times P_A + n_B \times P_B =4.058442×1,000+4.464286×1,017.125= 4.058442 \times 1{,}000 + 4.464286 \times 1{,}017.125 =4,058.44+4,540.74=8,599.18$8,600= 4{,}058.44 + 4{,}540.74 = 8{,}599.18 \approx \$8{,}600

Hasil Akhir: (A). Total cost = \8{,}600$

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Memulai pencocokan dari t=1t=1 alih-alih t=2t=2 — karena hanya Bond B yang ada di t=2t=2, harus dimulai dari sana (backward).
  • Mengira Bond A par bond karena coupon rate =10%= 10\% dan yield =10%= 10\% → benar, PA=1,000P_A = 1{,}000.
Red Flags
  • Cash flow matching: selalu mulai dari liabilitas terjauh dan work backward.
  • Jumlah bond bisa berupa pecahan (fractional) — tidak apa-apa dalam konteks teori.

No. 28

At the end of each of the next 30 years, you expect to receive some money, according to the following schedule:

YearAmount at End of Each YearEffective Rate During the Year
1–10$1,0004%
11–20$2,0007%
21–30$3,0009%

The above schedule also shows the effective annual interest rate during each of the next 30 years. Determine the present value of this series of 30 payments.

(A) 22,200 (B) 23,200 (C) 24,200 (D) 25,200 (E) 26,200

Jawaban No. 28

(C). PV =24,212.5624,200= 24{,}212.56 \approx 24{,}200

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 2 — Anuitas dan Nilai Arus Kas
Sub-topik2.6 Varying Interest Rates · 2.5 Deferred Annuities
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite2.1 Annuity-Immediate and Annuity-Due · 1.4 Accumulation and Present Value
Connected Topics1.3 Cash Flow Equations and Inflation
ReferensiVaaler Bab 3; Kellison Bab 3
Rumus

PV annuity dengan varying interest rates — hitung PV setiap blok terpisah lalu diskon balik ke t=0t=0 menggunakan rate yang berlaku di setiap periode sebelumnya: PVtotal=PVblok 1+PVblok 2v4%10+PVblok 3v4%10v7%10PV_{\text{total}} = PV_{\text{blok 1}} + PV_{\text{blok 2}} \cdot v^{10}_{4\%} + PV_{\text{blok 3}} \cdot v^{10}_{4\%} \cdot v^{10}_{7\%}

Diketahui:

  • Tahun 1–10: 1,0001{,}000/tahun, i1=4%i_1 = 4\%

  • Tahun 11–20: 2,0002{,}000/tahun, i2=7%i_2 = 7\%

  • Tahun 21–30: 3,0003{,}000/tahun, i3=9%i_3 = 9\%

  • Target: PV total pada t=0t=0

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: PV Blok 1 (tahun 1–10) pada t=0t=0 PV1=1,000a100.04=1,000×8.11090=8,110.90PV_1 = 1{,}000 \cdot a_{\overline{10}|0.04} = 1{,}000 \times 8.11090 = 8{,}110.90

Langkah 2: PV Blok 2 (tahun 11–20) pada t=10t=10 PV2,@10=2,000a100.07=2,000×7.02358=14,047.16PV_{2,@10} = 2{,}000 \cdot a_{\overline{10}|0.07} = 2{,}000 \times 7.02358 = 14{,}047.16 Diskon ke t=0t=0: PV2,@0=14,047.16×(1.04)10=14,047.16×0.67556=9,491.01PV_{2,@0} = 14{,}047.16 \times (1.04)^{-10} = 14{,}047.16 \times 0.67556 = 9{,}491.01

Langkah 3: PV Blok 3 (tahun 21–30) pada t=20t=20 PV3,@20=3,000a100.09=3,000×6.41766=19,252.98PV_{3,@20} = 3{,}000 \cdot a_{\overline{10}|0.09} = 3{,}000 \times 6.41766 = 19{,}252.98 Diskon ke t=10t=10 (menggunakan i2=7%i_2 = 7\%): PV3,@10=19,252.98×(1.07)10=19,252.98×0.50835=9,787.30PV_{3,@10} = 19{,}252.98 \times (1.07)^{-10} = 19{,}252.98 \times 0.50835 = 9{,}787.30 Diskon ke t=0t=0 (menggunakan i1=4%i_1 = 4\%): PV3,@0=9,787.30×(1.04)10=9,787.30×0.67556=6,610.65PV_{3,@0} = 9{,}787.30 \times (1.04)^{-10} = 9{,}787.30 \times 0.67556 = 6{,}610.65

Langkah 4: Total PV PV=8,110.90+9,491.01+6,610.65=24,212.5624,200PV = 8{,}110.90 + 9{,}491.01 + 6{,}610.65 = 24{,}212.56 \approx 24{,}200

Hasil Akhir: (C). PV =24,200= 24{,}200

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menggunakan satu rate tunggal (misalnya rata-rata) untuk mendiskon semua cash flow — setiap blok menggunakan rate yang berbeda sesuai periodenya.
  • Lupa mendiskon blok 3 melalui dua tahapan (dari t=20t=20 ke t=10t=10 dengan i2i_2, lalu ke t=0t=0 dengan i1i_1).
Red Flags
  • Varying interest rates → hitung PV setiap blok di titik awalnya, lalu diskon backward tahap demi tahap menggunakan rate masing-masing periode.

No. 29

A $300,000 loan is being paid off, over 30 years, with level payments at the end of each month. The nominal interest rate is 8% convertible quarterly. Find the amount of interest included in the 103rd payment.

(A) 399 (B) 842 (C) 1,095 (D) 1,348 (E) 1,791

Jawaban No. 29

(E). Bunga dalam pembayaran ke-103 = \1{,}791.35 \approx $1{,}791$

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 4 — Pengembalian Pinjaman
Sub-topik4.2 Amortization Method · 1.2 Effective, Nominal, and Force of Interest
DifficultyHard
Prerequisite1.2 Effective, Nominal, and Force of Interest · 4.1 Loan Terminology
Connected Topics4.3 Sinking Fund Method
ReferensiVaaler Bab 5; Kellison Bab 5
Rumus

Konversi nominal quarterly ke efektif bulanan: (1+j)3=1+i(4)4    j=(1+i(4)4)1/31(1+j)^3 = 1 + \frac{i^{(4)}}{4} \implies j = \left(1 + \frac{i^{(4)}}{4}\right)^{1/3} - 1

Bunga dalam pembayaran ke-kk: Ik=jBk1=R(1vjnk+1)I_k = j \cdot B_{k-1} = R \cdot (1 - v^{n-k+1}_j)

Diketahui:

  • L=300,000L = 300{,}000, 30 tahun = 360 bulan, pembayaran bulanan

  • i(4)=8%i^{(4)} = 8\% → rate kuartalan =2%= 2\%

  • Target: bunga dalam pembayaran ke-103

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Konversi ke Rate Efektif Bulanan j=(1.02)1/31=1.0066231=0.006623 per bulanj = (1.02)^{1/3} - 1 = 1.006623 - 1 = 0.006623 \text{ per bulan}

Langkah 2: Hitung Pembayaran Bulanan RR R=300,000a3600.006623=300,000137.0=2,189.92,190.27R = \frac{300{,}000}{a_{\overline{360}|0.006623}} = \frac{300{,}000}{137.0} = 2{,}189.9 \approx 2{,}190.27 (Nilai lebih tepat dari kalkulator)

Langkah 3: Bunga dalam Pembayaran Ke-103 Dengan formula langsung: I103=R(1vjn103+1)=R(1vj258)I_{103} = R \cdot (1 - v^{n-103+1}_j) = R \cdot (1 - v^{258}_j) v0.006623258=(1.006623)258v^{258}_{0.006623} = (1.006623)^{-258} (1.006623)258=e258×ln(1.006623)=e258×0.006601=e1.70306=5.4919(1.006623)^{258} = e^{258 \times \ln(1.006623)} = e^{258 \times 0.006601} = e^{1.70306} = 5.4919 v258=15.4919=0.18209v^{258} = \frac{1}{5.4919} = 0.18209 I103=2,190.27×(10.18209)=2,190.27×0.81791=1,791.35I_{103} = 2{,}190.27 \times (1 - 0.18209) = 2{,}190.27 \times 0.81791 = 1{,}791.35

Hasil Akhir: (E). I_{103} = \1{,}791$

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Unit Waktu
  • Menggunakan rate bulanan =8%/12= 8\%/12 (pembagian langsung dari nominal) alih-alih konversi dari quarterly: (1.02)1/31(1.02)^{1/3} - 1.
  • Mengira sisa pembayaran setelah pembayaran ke-103 adalah 360103=257360 - 103 = 257, padahal harusnya nk+1=360103+1=258n - k + 1 = 360 - 103 + 1 = 258.
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Menghitung bunga dengan I103=j×B102I_{103} = j \times B_{102} secara langsung tanpa menghitung B102B_{102} terlebih dahulu — padahal formula Ik=R(1vnk+1)I_k = R(1 - v^{n-k+1}) lebih efisien.
Red Flags
  • “Nominal rate convertible quarterly, payments monthly” → WAJIB konversi ke rate efektif bulanan via (1+i(4)/4)1/31(1 + i^{(4)}/4)^{1/3} - 1.
  • Formula cepat bunga: Ik=R(1vnk+1)I_k = R(1 - v^{n-k+1}) menggunakan sisa periode dari pembayaran ke-kk.

No. 30

Suppose that a 3-year financial instrument is expected to make increasing payments to you at the end of each of the next three years. Specifically, the payments will be CF(t)=1,000tCF(t) = 1{,}000t, for t=1t = 1, 2, and 3. Assume that you purchase this financial instrument, at time 0, at a price which provides an annual effective yield of 8%. Calculate the modified duration of this financial instrument.

(A) 2.01 (B) 2.12 (C) 2.29 (D) 2.43 (E) 2.56

Jawaban No. 30

(B). DMod=2.12D_{Mod} = 2.12

FieldIsi
Topik CF1Topik 3 — Struktur Jangka Waktu Suku Bunga
Sub-topik3.3 Duration (Macaulay and Modified)
DifficultyMedium
Prerequisite3.3 Duration (Macaulay and Modified) · 2.3 Varying Annuities
Connected Topics3.4 Convexity
ReferensiVaaler Bab 8–9; Kellison Bab 10–11
Rumus

Macaulay Duration: DMac=t=1ntCF(t)vtt=1nCF(t)vtD_{Mac} = \frac{\sum_{t=1}^{n} t \cdot CF(t) \cdot v^t}{\sum_{t=1}^{n} CF(t) \cdot v^t}

Modified Duration: DMod=DMac1+iD_{Mod} = \frac{D_{Mac}}{1+i}

Diketahui:

  • CF(t)=1,000tCF(t) = 1{,}000t untuk t=1,2,3t = 1, 2, 3

  • i=8%i = 8\%, v=(1.08)1v = (1.08)^{-1}

  • Target: DModD_{Mod}

Langkah Pengerjaan

Langkah 1: Hitung PV Setiap Cash Flow CF(1)v1=1,000×(1.08)1=925.926CF(1) \cdot v^1 = 1{,}000 \times (1.08)^{-1} = 925.926 CF(2)v2=2,000×(1.08)2=2,000×0.85734=1,714.678CF(2) \cdot v^2 = 2{,}000 \times (1.08)^{-2} = 2{,}000 \times 0.85734 = 1{,}714.678 CF(3)v3=3,000×(1.08)3=3,000×0.79383=2,381.490CF(3) \cdot v^3 = 3{,}000 \times (1.08)^{-3} = 3{,}000 \times 0.79383 = 2{,}381.490

Langkah 2: Total PV (Denominator) P=925.926+1,714.678+2,381.490=5,022.094P = 925.926 + 1{,}714.678 + 2{,}381.490 = 5{,}022.094

Langkah 3: Weighted Times (Numerator) tCF(t)vt=1×925.926+2×1,714.678+3×2,381.490\sum t \cdot CF(t) \cdot v^t = 1 \times 925.926 + 2 \times 1{,}714.678 + 3 \times 2{,}381.490 =925.926+3,429.356+7,144.470=11,499.752= 925.926 + 3{,}429.356 + 7{,}144.470 = 11{,}499.752

Langkah 4: Macaulay Duration DMac=11,499.7525,022.094=2.28968D_{Mac} = \frac{11{,}499.752}{5{,}022.094} = 2.28968

Langkah 5: Modified Duration DMod=2.289681.08=2.120082.12D_{Mod} = \frac{2.28968}{1.08} = 2.12008 \approx 2.12

Hasil Akhir: (B). DMod=2.12D_{Mod} = 2.12

Jebakan Umum
Kesalahan Konseptual
  • Mengira DMod=DMacD_{Mod} = D_{Mac} (lupa pembagian 1+i1+i).
  • Menghitung tCF(t)\sum t \cdot CF(t) tanpa mendiskon (vtv^t) — numerator harus menggunakan PV-weighted times.
Red Flags
  • Untuk non-bond instruments: hitung duration dari definisi dasar (weighted average time) menggunakan PV cash flows.
  • DMacD_{Mac} selalu lebih besar dari DModD_{Mod} untuk i>0i > 0.

Ringkasan Kunci Jawaban — Practice Exam 2

No.JawabanTopik CF1Sub-topik
1(B)Topik 1Simple vs Compound Interest
2(D)Topik 1PV Equivalence, Nominal Rate
3(D)Topik 1Accumulation Function
4(E)Topik 1PV Equation, Quadratic
5(A)Topik 2Annuity-Immediate, Deferred
6(C)Topik 2Annuity-Due, Varying Rate
7(A)Topik 2Perpetuity, Biennial Annuity
8(A)Topik 2Continuous & Increasing Annuity
9(E)Topik 2Continuous Annuity, Integral
10(E)Topik 4Constant Principal, Reinvestment
11(B)Topik 4Sinking Fund, (Is)(Is)
12(D)Topik 4Amortization, Principal Ratio
13(A)Topik 4Refinancing, Prospective Balance
14(E)Topik 5Bond Pricing, Find NN
15(D)Topik 3Immunization, Zero-Coupon
16(B)Topik 4Non-Payment Period
17(E)Topik 3Spot Rates, YTM
18(C)Topik 5Callable Bond, Worst Case
19(B)Topik 5Premium Amortization
20(B)Topik 3Modified Duration
21(D)Topik 3Macaulay vs Modified Approx
22(D)Topik 5Book vs Market Value
23(B)Topik 4Drop Payment
24(C)Topik 5Callable Bond, Actual Yield
25(A)Topik 3Mortgage Duration
26(E)Topik 1Real Rate, Inflation
27(A)Topik 3Cash Flow Matching
28(C)Topik 2Varying Interest Rates
29(E)Topik 4Interest Component, Nominal→Monthly
30(B)Topik 3Modified Duration, Increasing CF